Abstract

Natural dyes have been used in textile dyeing for centuries, and their importance has recently increased due to growing concerns about the environmental impact of synthetic dyes. Natural dyes are biodegradable and environmentally compatible, offering a sustainable alternative for the textile industry. Mineral dyes, a subgroup of natural dyes, play a crucial role in natural dyeing, as they often serve as mordants, particularly in wool dyeing. This study introduces Pan, a mineral dye, as a new natural source capable of producing purple hues. Initially, X-ray and infrared scattering spectra were used to identify the dye content. We also evaluated how mordant type, mordanting method, dyeing pH, and temperature influence color hue, color strength, fastness properties (washing, staining, and light), and mechanical properties of dyed wool yarns. The results show that Pan produces various purple tones even at low concentrations of dye. The dyed samples exhibited moderate light and washing fastness. Using bio-mordants significantly improved washing fastness, though enhancing light fastness requires further investigation. Overall, this research highlights the potential of Pan as a sustainable and high-value mineral dye that can provide eco-friendly coloration for wool textiles (Graphical Abstract).

Keywords: Natural Dyeing; Mineral Dye; Pan; Wool Dyeing; Eco-friendly