1Chief, Pediatric, and Adult Cardiology, Prakash Heart Station, India
2Cardiac Technician, Prakash Heart Station, India
3Senior Interventional Cardiologist, India
*Corresponding author:Akhil Mehrotra, Chief, Non-Invasive Cardiologist, Pediatric and Adult Cardiology, Prakash Heart Station, India
Submission: August 22, 2025;Published: September 15, 2025
ISSN: 2578-0204Volume5 Issue 1
Background: 4-Dimensional XStrain speckle tracking echocardiography (4DXStrainSTE) is an advanced
cardiac imaging technique that synthesizes Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (STE) data obtained
from the apical Three-Chamber (3CH), Four-Chamber (4CH), and Two-Chamber (2CH) views, thereby
enabling a comprehensive evaluation of Multiple Left Ventricular Strain Parameters (MLVSP) within a
three-dimensional framework.
Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors (CVRFs) on MLVSP
using 4DXStrainSTE. Nine strain parameters were analyzed: Global Circumferential Strain (GCS), Global
Circumferential Strain Rate (GCSR), Global Radial Strain (GRS), and Global Radial Strain Rate (GRSR) at the
Mitral Valve (mv) and papillary muscle (pap) levels, along with Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS). A total of
500 Indian adults (aged 18-60 years; both sexes) were enrolled. Participants were categorized into four
CVRF Risk Categories (1, 2, 3, and 4) according to the cumulative number of risk factors. The inclusion
criterion was a 4-dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction (4D-LVEF) > 50%.
Result: The effect of CVRF on strain parameters was determined using trend and linearity analyses. Trend
analysis across CVRF categories revealed a significant decline in GLS, GCS at the pap level, and GCSR at
the mv level. Pearson’s correlation demonstrated mild-to-moderate linear associations across MLVSP, and
multivariate regression analysis identified significant associations of GLS and GCSR at the mv level with
GLS across the risk categories.
Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide a comprehensive evaluation of
the impact of CVRFs on MLVSP in individuals with preserved ejection fraction.
Keywords:4DXStrain; Speckle tracking echocardiography; 4D-LVEF%; Cardiovascular risk factors; Trend analysis