Abstract

The human microbiome is emerging as a central player in chronic disease management. Breakthroughs in microbiome profiling-particularly spatial microbiomics and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven analytics-are reshaping how diseases are diagnosed, monitored and treated. This review examines the transformative potential of microbiome profiling in managing conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. It highlights the convergence of spatial diagnostics, AI and microbiome-based biomarkers as the foundation of next-generation precision medicine. High-resolution microbiome mapping enables earlier detection, more accurate diagnostics and tailored therapeutic strategies. AI algorithms unravel complex microbiome datasets, revealing diseaserelevant patterns, while microbial biomarkers provide actionable therapeutic targets. Case studies in Crohn’s disease and colorectal cancer illustrate how microbiome profiling can inform personalized interventions, including probiotics and dietary modulation. Collectively, these innovations are driving a shift toward precision healthcare grounded in individual microbial architectures-promising improved patient outcomes and heralding a new era of personalized care.

Keywords: Microbiome profiling; Chronic disease management; Spatial microbiomics; Precision medicine; Microbial biomarkers; Next-generation sequencing metagenomics