Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases create a significant risk to people’s health. These age-related disorders are growing increasingly widespread as the elderly population has grown in recent years. Neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and the spinocerebellar ataxias etc. The causes of these diseases vary, with some impacting memory and cognition and others harming a person’s ability to move, speak, and breathe. Effective medicines are essential, but only if the underlying causes and processes of each illness are completely understood. This study gives an outline of biomarkers in neurodegenerative illnesses, comprising the ‘core’ AD biomarkers amyloid (A) and tau, as well as various disease-specific and generic indicators of neuroaxonal destruction. There are important neurodegenerative pathological biomarkers (amyloid, tau, and -synuclein), a disease intensity biomarker (NfL), synaptic function (neurogranin), and a number of modern analytical platforms (Simoa and MSp).

Keywords:Neurodegeneration; Biomarkers; Alzheimer’s disease; Amyloid β; Phosphorylated tau; Neurofilament light; α-Synuclein; Neurogranin

Abbreviations:Aβ: Amyloid β; AD: Alzheimer’s Disease; BACE1: β-site APP-Cleaving Enzyme 1; CJD: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease; CSF: Cerebrospinal Fluid; ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; GAP- 43: Growth-Associated Protein-43; HAD: HIV-Associated Dementia; HD: Huntington’s Disease; IWG-2: International Working Group 2; MCI: Mild Cognitive Impairment; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; MS: Multiple Sclerosis; MSA: Multisystem Atrophy; MSp: Mass Spectrometry; NFL: Neurofilament Light; Ng: Neurogranin; P-Tau: Phosphorylated Tau; PD: Parkinson’s Disease; PET: Positron Emission Tomography; PSP: Progressive Supranuclear Palsy; RT-QuiC: Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion Assay; Simoa: Single Molecule Array; SMA: Spinal Muscular Atrophy; SNAP-25: Synaptosomal-Associated Protein-25; SYT-1: Synaptotagmin-1; TDP-43: TAR DNA-Binding Protein 43; TREM2: Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2; T-tau: Total Tau; YKL-40: Chitinase-3-like Protein 1