Abstract

Betaine is a derivative of amino acids that exhibits numerous beneficial effects on the organism. It is found in almost all tissues, with the highest concentrations in the liver, kidneys, and testes. Additionally, endogenous betaine synthesis occurs in the liver and kidneys from choline, which is an essential nutrient. Initially discovered as a natural by-product of sugar beet, its color arises from purple and yellow pigments collectively known as betalains (betacyanin and betaxanthin). These betaines possess potential antioxidant properties, and the antioxidant capacity of red beets has been reported to play a protective role against oxidative stress. Betaine is a zwitterion with a positively charged trimethylammonium group and a negatively charged carboxyl group at a physiological pH range; thus, it does not require any counter ions for electroneutrality in the cytoplasm. Betaine has gained popularity as a dietary supplement not only among bodybuilders but also among athletes from various disciplines due to its positive effects on body composition (muscle mass increase) and training performance. Studies indicate that betaine enhances muscle mass and endurance. In recent years, comprehensive summaries of some of the critical biological roles of betaine have emerged. Evidence has been identified that betaine effectively limits many diabetes-related conditions. Betaine treatment improves glucose tolerance and insulin action, strongly associated with changes in insulin-sensitive tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver. Betaine supplementation positively influences multiple genes that are dysregulated in diabetes. In the liver, betaine synthesis and subsequent demethylation play a vital role in one-carbon metabolism. Betaine has become widely used as a pre-workout product designed to support muscle building among high-level athletes during periods of intense training.

Keywords: Betaine; Supplement; Sports; Metabolism