Abstract

>Chloroplast engineering holds immense promise to address pressing global challenges in agriculture, health, and energy because chloroplast can produce bioactive compounds with potential pharmaceutical and nutritional value, making them valuable resources for modern society. Recently many research results reported advancements in chloroplast engineering in plants. However, it is still challenging to engineer chloroplast freely. In this review, we address chloroplast engineering development via nucleartargeted genetic engineering approaches and chloroplast-targeted genetic engineering approaches in plants. We summarize the new approaches to engineering chloroplast, discuss the current limitations and prospects of chloroplast engineering, and propose the possible applications of new technologies to engineer chloroplast.

Keywords:Chloroplast engineering; Gene editing; PPR, CRISPR/Cas; TALEN; Base-editing