Abstract

The emerging realm of social epigenomics unveils the intricate interplay between social determinants and chromatin dynamics, offering profound insights into health disparities and disease mechanisms. Social stressors, such as chronic stress and discrimination, serve as catalysts for epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), which in turn impact stress response pathways and contribute to a spectrum of health conditions. The ramifications of social isolation reverberate on a molecular level, as evidenced by the reshaping of gene networks within critical brain regions linked to emotions and stress responses. Studies also elucidate significant changes in histone acetylation, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNA expression in response to social isolation, shedding light on the complex interplay between social experiences and epigenetic regulation. Beyond social stressors and isolation, factors like nutrition, life style choices, and exposure to environmental toxins wield considerable influence over chromatin dynamics. Positive social interactions and support emerge as crucial mitigating factors against stress-induced epigenetic alterations, not only slowing down epigenetic aging but also emphasizing the importance of fostering supportive social environments for overall well-being. The lasting influence of childhood trauma on the epigenome highlights how early-life experiences can significantly impact mental health throughout one’s lifetime. Adverse childhood events imprint lasting changes on gene expression related to psychiatric disorders and stress management, emphasizing the profound and enduring effects of such experiences. This underscores the critical importance of targeted interventions and policies that address social determinants, aiming to mitigate health disparities and promote overall well-being on a global scale in a comprehensive manner.