Abstract

Cement, a cornerstone of modern construction, carries hidden occupational hazards that extend far beyond its structural role. Workers handling cement without protective gloves are exposed to its highly alkaline and chemically complex nature, leading to a cascade of dermatological and systemic effects. Direct skin contact precipitates irritant and allergic dermatitis, chemical burns, chronic eczema and hyperkeratosis, with hexavalent chromium and trace metals acting as potent sensitizers that amplify immune responses. Beyond the skin, cement dust inhalation and accidental ingestion trigger systemic biochemical perturbations, including oxidative stress, depletion of antioxidant defenses, elevated liver and kidney enzymes and activation of inflammatory pathways. The resulting multi-organ impact underscores cement as a silent but pervasive occupational toxin. Epidemiological and toxicological studies reveal widespread prevalence of skin disorders and biochemical disruptions among exposed construction workers, highlighting an urgent need for innovative protective strategies. Implementation of high-quality personal protective equipment, chromium-reduced cement formulations, workplace ventilation and biomarker-based health surveillance can mitigate these risks. Future research must integrate mechanistic, longitudinal and socio-economic perspectives to elucidate dose-response relationships, cumulative effects and molecular pathways of toxicity. By reframing cement not just as a building material but as a bioactive occupational hazard, this review emphasizes the critical intersection of industrial practice, human health and material innovation, advocating for science-driven protective measures that safeguard worker well-being in construction environments.

Keywords: Cement dust; Occupational toxicity; Dermatitis; Oxidative stress; Heavy metal exposure