Abstract

The evolving field of neurosurgery requires continuous innovation to address increasingly complex pathologies, such as Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI), cerebrovascular conditions and spinal disorders. U.S. military neurosurgeons face distinct challenges in acquiring advanced subspecialty expertise due to operational demands, limited case diversity and resource constraints. This article reviews innovative training approaches for military neurosurgery, including the integration of enfolded fellowships within residency programs and the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven technologies. These strategies enhance training efficiency, ensure readiness and support the development of highly specialized skills necessary for combat and peacetime settings.

Keywords:Military neurosurgery; Artificial intelligence; Subspecialty training; Enfolded fellowships; Operational readiness; Virtual reality; Personalized learning; Telepresence; Surgical feedback