Behavioral Human Factors in Non-Invasive Health Monitoring

The field of health monitoring has undergone significant transformation in recent years, driven by rapid technological advancements. Non-invasive health monitoring, which enables the assessment of physiological parameters without penetrating the skin or entering the body, has emerged as a critical innovation. Devices such as Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs), wearable heart rate monitors, and smartwatches equipped with various sensors have become increasingly prevalent [1]. While the technological capabilities of these devices are often highlighted, the behavioral human factors influencing their effectiveness and user acceptance are equally important and warrant thorough examination. Non-invasive health monitoring technologies have the potential to revolutionize healthcare by providing continuous and realtime data, facilitating early detection and intervention, and reducing the burden on healthcare systems. For instance, CGMs have been shown to improve glycemic control and reduce the risk of hypoglycemia in individuals with diabetes [2].

Similarly, wearable heart rate monitors can provide valuable insights into cardiovascular health and help in the early detection of arrhythmias [3]. However, the success of these technologies depends not only on their technical accuracy but also on their integration into the daily lives of users. Studies have shown that user-centered design, which prioritizes the needs and preferences of end-users, is crucial for the adoption and sustained use of health monitoring devices [4]. Factors such as comfort, ease of use, and seamless integration into daily routines significantly influence user adherence and satisfaction.

While comfort and user-centered design are crucial for the success of non-invasive health monitoring devices, analyzing the behavioral factors affecting user interaction with these technologies is equally im- portant. Behavioral aspects can significantly impact the effectiveness of these devices, as evidenced by several cases where non-adherence to recommended practices led to suboptimal outcomes. One prominent case involves the use of CGMs, where inconsistent usage often leads to inaccurate glucose tracking. Despite the potential of CGMs to enhance diabetes management, studies like De Bock et al. [5] have demonstrated a decline in user adherence over time, with a significant number of participants discontinuing use within weeks. The inconsistency can stem from discomfort, the inconvenience of wearing the device continually, or skepticism about the accuracy of the readings when lifestyle and daily routines disrupt sensor placement [6].

Another significant example is found with wearable fitness trackers aimed at promoting physical activity. Ledger & McCaffrey [7] reported high dropout rates among users of these devices, with many abandoning them after a few months. The initial enthusiasm wanes as users fail to integrate the use of these trackers into their daily lives sustainably. The reasons cited include a perceived lack of utility, the novelty wearing off, and insufficient motivation to continue without immediate and visible benefits [7]. This opinion paper digs into the critical role of behavioral factors in the design and implementation of non-invasive health monitoring devices. While the importance of comfort and a user-centric approach cannot be understated, this paper argues that a deep understanding and mitigation of behavioral barriers are equally crucial. Through examining various cases, we highlight how user habits, preferences, and concerns—such as inconsistent usage, data privacy fears, and the decline in device interaction over time—can significantly impact the effectiveness and adoption of these technologies. Addressing these behavioral factors can enhance user adherence, improve device functionality, and ultimately ensure the long-term success of non-invasive health monitoring technologies in promoting better health outcomes.

As we explore non-invasive health monitoring technologies, it is essential to address the behavioral factors that significantly influence their adoption and efficacy. While device design and functionality are critical, the success of these technologies is also heavily dependent on user behavior. This section examines key behavioral aspects, such as comfort, health literacy, privacy concerns, and motivation. Each of these factors can determine how well users integrate and utilize these devices in their daily lives. Understanding and addressing these behavioral dimensions are crucial for enhancing device adherence and optimizing health outcomes.

User comfort and device wearability

User comfort and device wearability are pivotal aspects that influence the success and effectiveness of non-invasive health monitoring devices. Ensuring that these devices are comfortable and easily wearable directly impacts user compliance and the accuracy of data collected over time (Figure 1).

Figure 1:Different non-invasive devices comfort.

Comfort is fundamental because if a device causes discomfort, users are less likely to wear it consistently. Discomfort can arise from many factors, including the device’s weight, size, material, and how it is worn on the body. For instance, a device that is too bulky or has rough edges can irritate the skin or become cumbersome during daily activities, leading to reduced usage or complete abandonment of the technology. Wearability refers to how well a device integrates into the user’s daily lifestyle. Devices that are designed to be discreet and match the everyday attire of the user tend to be more readily adopted.

Wearability also encompasses the ease with which a device can be put on, taken off, or adjusted. Several studies highlight the importance of these factors in user adoption and sustained use. Patel et al. [8] reviewed various wearable sensors and systems, emphasizing that one of the major barriers to user acceptance is the physical design of the device, particularly its comfort and how intrusively it must be worn. They argue that designers must prioritize ergonomics and aesthetics to enhance user satisfaction and compliance [8].

Considerations Design Opinion- It is essential that designers prioritize user comfort and wearability to ensure that these devices are not only technologically proficient but also seamlessly integrate into daily life.

Utilizing lightweight materials is crucial as it prevents the device from becoming a burden to the user, thereby encouraging prolonged use. Additionally, the adaptability of designs to accommodate various body shapes and sizes ensures that everyone can wear their device comfortably without compromise. Selecting skin-friendly materials is equally important to avoid any potential irritation or allergic reactions, which can deter usage. Moreover, designing for discretion is vital, especially for devices monitoring mental health or other sensitive conditions, as it allows users to maintain their privacy and dignity. These design considerations are not just enhancements; they are essential components that can significantly influence the successful adoption and sustained use of non-invasive devices.

Health literacy/

Health literacy plays a crucial role in the successful adoption and effective use of non-invasive health monitoring devices. It encompasses the ability of users to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. In the context of non-invasive devices, health literacy influences how well individuals can operate the device, interpret the data it provides, and take appropriate health actions based on that data (Figure 2).

Figure 2:Health literacy is important for technology adoption.

Users need a clear understanding of how to operate these devices to ensure they gather accurate data and avoid misuse that could result in incorrect readings or damage. For instance, a study by Mackert et al. [9] demon strated that individuals with higher health literacy are more likely to adopt and effectively use health information technologies. Moreover, health literacy critically influences how users interpret the data from their devices. This is especially vital for noninvasive devices like glucose monitors or fitness trackers where incorrect interpretation can lead to poor health decisions.

Considerations Design Opinion- To effectively address health literacy in the design of non-invasive devices, several key considerations are imperative. Firstly, simplifying user interfaces is crucial; devices must feature intuitive and easy-to-navigate interfaces that reduce complexity and cognitive load. This makes technology accessible to users of all literacy levels. Additionally, providing clear instructions and labels in plain language is essential to prevent misinterpretation of data and device functions. Integrating educational resources, such as built-in tutorials or links to online resources, can further enhance users’ understanding and capabilities, enabling them to make the most of the data their devices collect. Implementing feedback systems that alert users to potential errors or abnormal data readings is another vital design consideration, as it helps users correct their usage patterns and seek appropriate medical advice when necessary. Lastly, incorporating cultural sensitivity into the design and communication strategies can broaden acceptance and adaptability across diverse user groups, ensuring that devices meet the varied needs of global populations. These design strategies are not just enhancements; they are essential for ensuring that non-invasive health monitoring technologies are usable, effective, and inclusive.

Privacy concerns

Privacy concerns are a significant factor in the adoption and use of non-invasive health monitoring devices. As these technologies collect and store sensitive personal health information, ensuring the privacy and security of this data is paramount to maintaining user trust and compliance. For example, some devices collect wide array of sensitive health data, including heart rates, glucose levels, sleep patterns, and physical activity. Such information is intensely personal and, if mishandled, could lead to privacy violations or discrimination [10]. Users must have confidence that their data is managed securely and responsibly; otherwise, fears about privacy breaches or data misuse might deter them from using these technologies, irrespective of their health benefits [11]. Moreover, these devices are subject to strict privacy regulations, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the U.S. and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU, which mandate compliance to ensure lawful and ethical operation. Non-compliance not only risks legal repercussions but can also damage trust and hinder user adoption [12]. Thus, it is essential for manufacturers to adhere to these regulations and implement robust security measures to protect user data and build trust.

Figure 3:Privacy is a fundamental consideration in the design of non-invasive health monitoring systems.

Considerations Design Opinion - Addressing privacy concerns in the design of non-invasive devices requires a multifaceted approach, centered around several key design considerations. First, implementing strong data encryption for storage and transmission is essential to safeguard sensitive health information from unauthorized access. Additionally, empowering users with control over their data through clear consent mechanisms and manageable privacy settings is crucial for fostering trust and compliance. Minimizing data collection to only what is necessary for device functionality can further reduce privacy risks, ensuring that excess data does not become a liability. Transparency is also paramount; providing users with clear, concise, and accessible privacy policies that detail data handling processes can significantly enhance user confidence in the device. Finally, regular updates to security measures are necessary to address emerging threats and vulnerabilities, maintaining a robust defense against potential breaches. Together, these design strategies form a comprehensive framework for addressing privacy concerns, crucial for the successful integration of non-invasive health monitoring technologies in everyday healthcare practices (Figure 3).

Technological trust and reliability

Technological trust and reliability are critical components in the context of non-invasive health monitoring devices. Trust influences user willingness to rely on these devices for health management, while reliability affects the accuracy and consistency of the health data collected, which are fundamental to effective treatment and health outcomes. The trust is influenced by past experiences, perceived expertise of the manufacturers, and the device’s reputation among users and healthcare providers. For instance, Kao et al. [13] found that trust in wearable technology significantly affects the intention to use it, with higher trust correlating with increased adoption rates. On the other side, reliable devices reduce the risk of errors that could lead to misdiagnosis or inappropriate treatment decisions. Studies [14] have highlighted the critical role of device reliability in user satisfaction and continuous use, particularly for devices that monitor critical health parameters like blood glucose levels or heart rate.

Considerations Design Opinion - Building technological trust and reliability in non-invasive devices is essential and can be accomplished through a series of strategic design considerations. Implementing rigorous quality assurance protocols ensures that these devices meet high standards before they reach consumers, which is fundamental in building user trust. Incorporating user feedback mechanisms not only improves device functionality over time but also enhances trust by showing responsiveness to user needs. Transparent communication about updates and usage of data further solidifies trust by demonstrating a commitment to user well-being and data integrity. Additionally, integrating redundancy features within the devices guarantees reliability, ensuring that device functionality is maintained even if one component fails. Lastly, obtaining certifications from recognized organizations and endorsements from respected figures in healthcare can significantly boost the perceived reliability and credibility of these devices.

Motivation and personal relevance

Motivation and personal relevance are essential factors influencing the adoption and sustained use of non-invasive health monitoring devices. These aspects determine how individuals perceive and interact with technology, affecting their willingness to integrate these devices into daily life and health management practices (Figure 4).

Figure 4:Relevance can be achieve with social interaction of non-invasive health monitoring devices.

Motivation drives the initial decision to use a health monitoring device and sustains its use over time. Factors that motivate users can include the desire for improved health outcomes, the convenience of monitoring health status, and feedback that encourages engagement with health management practices. According to a study by Or et al. [15], motivation is enhanced when users see tangible health improvements or receive positive reinforcement from using these devices. On the other hand, devices that users find personally relevant are more likely to be accepted and used consistently. Personal relevance often depends on the device’s ability to meet specific health needs, its ease integration into daily routines, and its alignment with the user’s lifestyle and values.

As Ryan & Deci [16] discuss in their theory of self-determination, devices that align with intrinsic goals and personal values are more likely to be used consistently. Considerations Design Opinion - Enhancing motivation and personal relevance in noninvasive devices is crucial for their effective and sustained use. To achieve this, several design considerations should be strategically implemented. Personalized Feedback is key; by providing users with feedback that reflects their specific health data and progress, devices not only encourage users but also demonstrate the tangible health benefits of their actions. Goal Setting Features can significantly boost user engagement by allowing individuals to set and monitor personal health objectives, making the device’s use feel more targeted and meaningful. User Customization options empower users to tailor the device’s functions and the information they receive, which enhances personal relevance and increases user satisfaction. Lastly, incorporating Social Connectivity into these devices can amplify motivation by tapping into social networks for support and competitive dynamics.

Social influence and support

Social influence and support play critical roles in the adoption and sustained use of non-invasive health monitoring devices. These factors can significantly affect how users perceive the value of technology, their motivation to use it, and their engagement levels over time. Social Influence refers to the way people’s behavior is affected by their social environment and interactions. In the context of health monitoring devices, social influence can come from peers, family, healthcare providers, and even broader societal trends. For instance, if peers and family members are seen using and benefiting from such devices, individuals are more likely to adopt and trust these technologies. A study by Zhang et al. [17] demonstrated that social influence strongly impacts the intention to use wearable fitness trackers, as users often value the opinions and behaviors of their social circles. Social Support involves the practical and emotional support that users receive from their social networks while using health monitoring devices.

Effective social support can increase a user’s confidence in managing their health and can motivate continuous use of the device. For example, group challenges or sharing progress on social media platforms can create a supportive community, enhancing user engagement. Hamine et al. [18] found that social support mechanisms integrated into mobile health applications significantly improved user engagement and adherence to health interventions.

Considerations Design Opinion - To effectively manage social influence and support in non-invasive devices, several key design considerations are crucial. Social Sharing Features play a vital role by enabling users to share their health-related achievements or challenges within a dedicated app community or on broader social media platforms. This not only builds a supportive community but also boosts user motivation through social validation and encouragement. Similarly, Group Challenges are in strumental in tapping into the power of social influence, as they encourage users to partake in healthy competition or collaborative goals, thereby enhancing engagement and motivation. Integration with social media further extends this concept by allowing seamless interaction between the device and social media platforms, increasing the device’s perceived fun and usefulness. Lastly, Peer Comparison Tools provide users with opportunities to measure their progress against that of their peers, fostering a positive competitive spirit and adherence through the natural human drive for competitiveness and contestability.

Ergonomic design

Ergonomic design plays a pivotal role in the initial embrace and continuous utilization of non-invasive health monitoring devices. Factors such as user comfort, ease of use, wearability, aesthetic appeal, convenience, psychological comfort, and integration to daily life can greatly impact users’ perception of the technology’s value, their willingness to use it, and their engagement levels over the long term. Aesthetic Appeal refers to the visual attractiveness and overall design. Aesthetic appeal is crucial because it influences users’ initial attraction to the device and their willingness to incorporate it into their daily lives. Devices that look good and feel good to wear are more likely to be used consistently, t h e r e b y improving adherence to health monitoring routines and enhancing overall user satisfaction [19].

Manufactures can make health monitoring devices not only functional but also fashionable and enjoyable to use by focusing on aesthetic appeal. For instance, devices that are small and light are more comfortable to wear and less obtrusive. Likewise, smooth tactile surfaces contribute to a positive sensory experience making the device more pleasant to touch and wear. A clear, high-resolution screens with aesthetically pleasing interfaces also contribute to overall appeal. Psychological comfort can be described as a positive emotion that represents a sense of ease and stress-free feeling. It is all about being at peace with ourselves. In the context of health monitoring devices, ergonomically designed devices that empower users by giving them control over their health monitoring can increase engagement and long-term use. Devices that are discreet and unobtrusive can reduce any stigma associated with wearing health monitoring devices, encouraging consistent use [20]. For example, devices designed to be worn with different types of clothing and during various activities (sleeping, exercising) enhance their practicality.

Considerations Design Opinion - Enhancing ergonomic design is crucial for ensuring constant use of health monitoring devices. This not only improve adherence to health tracking but also enhances the overall user experience, making health management more efficient and effective. To achieve this, several design consideration should be incorporated. Discreetness is essential, designing the device to look like everyday fashion accessories (e.g., watches, rings, bracelets) can make it blend seamlessly with user’s attire. Also, a minimalist design can make the device more discreet and less noticeable, which can be appealing to users who prefer subtlety. Customization can enhance the device’s aesthetic appeal by offering additional accessories such as decorative covers or protection cases, or interchangeable bands that allows users to personalize the device to suit different outfits or occasions. Attractive and modern designs that offer color and style options can make devices more appealing to a broader audience. Convenience is a key component for users to incorporate the devices into their daily lives. Compact and portable designs, and devices with long battery life and quick charging enhance user experience. Devices that require minimal setup, offer straightforward instructions, and easy-to-navigate interfaces with clear and simple controls ensure that users of all ages and technical abilities can use the device effectively. For instance, devices that automatically sync data with smartphones, tables, or computers streamline the process and increase user acceptability.

User comfort and device wearability: The domain of user comfort and device wearability in non-invasive health monitoring offers numerous promising avenues for research. Long-Term Comfort Studies are essential, as current literature primarily focuses on immediate comfort, leaving a gap in understanding how comfort levels and wearability impact user behavior and device efficacy over extended periods. Addressing Diverse Population Ergonomics is also critical, as most existing studies may not fully represent the wide array of body types and sizes across different populations, necessitating more inclusive design research that accounts for variations in skin sensitivity and body dimensions. Furthermore, there is considerable potential in Material Innovation, particularly in developing new materials that enhance comfort, reduce allergic reactions, and improve breathability, adapting to body temperature and environmental changes. Real-World Usability of devices also needs more exploration, particularly how devices perform under various real-world conditions, such as extreme climates and diverse physical activities.

Finally, the Impact of Device Removal and Reapplication— often overlooked in research—could provide insights into how the necessity to remove devices for charging or cleaning affects overall comfort and wearability, offering opportunities for designing devices that minimize these needs.

Health Literacy: Exploring and addressing gaps in health literacy related to non-invasive health monitoring devices presents a crucial opportunity for enhancing user understanding and effective use of these technologies. Cross-Cultural Health Literacy research is vital as it examines how health literacy varies across different cultural and linguistic backgrounds, guiding the development of culturally tailored device designs that improve interaction and adherence. Longitudinal Studies on Health Literacy Interventions are equally important, as they can provide insights into the long-term sustainability of health literacy improvements and their impact on health outcomes and device utilization. The Integration of Health Literacy in Device Design requires thorough evaluation to determine which specific design features—such as user-friendly interfaces, feedback mechanisms, and educational tools—most effectively enhance user comprehension and usability.

In addition, the Technological Solutions to Improve Health Literacy, including the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning, offer significant potential for personalizing educational content and adapting interactions to match the user’s literacy levels and learning pace. Understanding the Impact of Health Literacy on Health Disparities is crucial, especially to determine how enhancing literacy among underserved populations can lead to greater health equity. Further research is also needed on Health Literacy and Data Interpretation Skills to identify the most effective educational strategies that enable users to accurately interpret health data and make informed decisions. Lastly, Usability Testing with Low Literacy Populations is essential to ensure that these technologies are accessible and usable by all segments of the population, particularly those with lower literacy levels.

Privacy Concerns: Addressing user privacy concerns in noninvasive health monitoring devices is essential for enhancing trust and ensuring sustained use. Some suggestions include Investigating the Trade- offs Between Device Functionality and Privacy that could involve user experience studies where participants use devices with varying levels of functionality and privacy controls to determine optimal balances that satisfy both needs. In addition, Educational Interventions to Improve Privacy Awareness could be tested through experimental designs where one group of users receives targeted education on privacy management while another does not, measuring differences in their ability to effectively manage privacy settings. Each of these research approaches will contribute valuable insights into fostering greater user trust and enhancing the overall efficacy and adoption of non-invasive health monitoring technologies.

Trust and reliability: Exploring the dimensions of trust and reliability in non-invasive health monitoring devices presents several critical research opportunities. Longitudinal Trust Dynamics can be studied through extended observational studies to understand how user trust evolves with prolonged device usage and what factors most significantly influence this trust over time. Quantitative Metrics for Reliability require development and validation; researchers could create standardized tests to systematically measure and compare the reliability of various devices under different conditions. The Impact of Device Failures on User Trust could be explored using experimental designs where device malfunctions are simulated to observe users’ reactions and changes in trust levels.

Finally, Cultural and Demographic Differences in Trust could be examined through cross-sectional studies across diverse populations to see how cultural backgrounds affect perceptions of device trustworthiness.

Motivation, personal relevance and social influence: Research on motivation, personal relevance, and social influence in the context of non-invasive health monitoring devices can have paths to improved user engagement and efficacy. Longitudinal Studies on Motivation can explore how users’ enthusiasm for devices changes over time, identifying which features sustain interest in the long term. Research could employ longitudinal tracking to understand the decay or reinforcement of motivational drivers. Personalization Algorithms can be investigated through randomized control trials to determine how well adaptive content and customized feedback boost user engagement compared to standard interfaces. Also, Cultural and Demographic Variability in Motivation offers a fertile ground for research, using comparative studies to analyze how different groups perceive the relevance of health monitoring technologies based on their unique health needs and cultural backgrounds.

Further, Effectiveness of Social Features, such as community challenges or sharing capabilities, could be evaluated through social experiments measuring engagement levels and health outcomes between connected and isolated user groups.

Ergonomic design: Research on ergonomic design aspects is essential to encourage long-term engagement to non-invasive health monitoring devices. The Psychological and Social Comfort of wearing devices, including issues of stigmatization and the impact on social interactions and personal identity, is a critical area that has been relatively under explored. Additionally, the potential for Customization and Personalization in wearables to adapt not only in size but also in functionality and aesthetics to meet individual preferences remains largely untapped. Material Choice is another aspect that needs further exploration to speed up the identification of durable but soft and skin friendly high-quality materials that reduce irritation, ensure longevity and durability, enhance device attractiveness and user comfort.

The integration of non-invasive health monitoring devices into everyday health management presents a transformative opportunity for enhancing individual and public health outcomes. However, the success of these devices depends not only on their technological capabilities but also on deeply understanding and addressing the human factors that influence their adoption and effective use. Through exploring the outlined research gaps related to user comfort and wearability, health literacy, privacy concerns, trust and reliability, and motivation, personal relevance, social influence, and ergonomic design significant advancements can be made in device design and functionality.

Addressing these research areas will enable developers to create more user-friendly, effective, and trustworthy devices that are better suited to the diverse needs of global populations. Moreover, enhancing user engagement through improved design strategies that consider motivational factors and social dynamics will allow these devices lead to more proactive health management and better overall health outcomes.

Thus, the future research directions proposed in this opinion paper are not just academic exercises but are crucial steps toward realizing the full potential of non-invasive health monitoring technologies. By filling these research gaps, we can ensure that these devices not only function optimally but also integrate seamlessly into the lives of users, thereby maximizing their potential benefits and paving the way for a healthier future.

1. Kieu A, King J, Govender RD, Östlundh L (2023) The benefits of utilizing continuous glucose monitoring of diabetes mellitus in primary care: A Systematic Review. J Diabetes Sci Technol 17(3): 762-774.
2. Beck RW, Riddlesworth T, Ruedy K, Ahmann A, Bergenstal R, et al. (2017) Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes using insulin injections: The diamond randomized clinical trial. Jama 317(4): 371-378.
3. Gillinov S, Etiwy M, Wang R, Blackburn G, Phelan D, et al. (2017) Variable accuracy of wearable heart rate monitors during aerobic exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49(8): 1697-1703.
4. Ziefle M, Schaar AK (2010) Technical expertise and its influence on the acceptance of future medical technologies: What is influencing what to which extent?” in HCI in Work and Learning, Life and Leisure: 6^th Symposium of the Workgroup Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Engineering, USAB 2010, Springer, Klagenfurt, Austria, pp. 513-529.
5. M de Bock, Cooper M, Retterath A, Nicholas J, Ly T Jones, et al. (2016) Continuous glucose monitoring adherence: Lessons from a clinical trial to predict outpatient behavior. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 10(3): 627-632.
6. Kang HS, Exworthy M (2022) Wearing the future—wearables to empower users to take greater responsibility for their health and care: Scoping Review. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 10(7): e35684.
7. Ledger D, McCaffrey D (2014) Inside wearables: How the science of human behavior change offers the secret to long-term engagement. Endeavour Partners 200(93): 1-17.
8. Patel S, Park H, Bonato P, Chan L, Rodgers M (2012) A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. Journal of Neuroeng Rehabil 9: 21.
9. Mackert M, Mabry FA, Champlin S, Donovan EE, Pounders K (2016) Health literacy and health information technology adoption: The potential for a new digital divide. Journal of Medical Internet Research 18(10): e264.
10. Li H, Gupta A, Zhang J, Sarathy R (2014) Examining the decision to use standalone personal health record systems as a trust-enabled fair social contract. Decision Support Systems 57: 376-386.
11. Martínez P, De La Torre DI, López CM (2015) Privacy and security in mobile health apps: A Review and Recommendations. Journal of Medical Systems 39(1): 1-8.
12. Kosta E (2013) Consent in European data protection law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 3:
13. Venkatesh V, Davis FD (1996) A model of the antecedents of perceived ease of use: Development and test. Decision Sciences 27(3): 451-481.
14. Silva BM, Rodrigues JJ, de la Torre Díez I, López CM, Saleem K (2015) Mobile-health: A Review of Current state in 2015. Journal of Biomed Inform 56: 265-272.
15. Radhakrishnan K (2012) The efficacy of tailored interventions for self-management outcomes of type 2 diabetes, hypertension or heart disease: A Systematic Review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(3): 496- 510.
16. Ryan RM, Deci EL (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist 55(1): 68-78.
17. Zhang M, Luo M, Nie R, Zhang Y (2017) Technical attributes, health attribute, consumer attributes and their roles in adoption intention of healthcare wearable technology. International Journal of Medical Informatics 108: 97-109.
18. Hamine S, Gerth GE, Faulx D, Green BB, Ginsburg AS (2015) Impact of mhealth chronic disease management on treatment adherence and patient outcomes: A Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 17(2): e52.
19. Wang J, Hsu Y (2020) The relationship of symmetry, complexity, and shape in mobile interface aesthetics, from an emotional perspective—A Case Study of the Smartwatch. Symmetry 12(9):
20. Fang YM, Chang CC (2016) Users’ psychological perception and perceived readability of wearable devices for elderly people. Behaviour & Information Technology 35(3): 225-232.