Advances in the treatment of Hematological Malignancies (HMs) have significantly improved survival rates, particularly among children and young adults. However, the life-saving anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, carry a high risk of gonad toxicity, potentially leading to temporary or permanent infertility. This mini review explores the definition and implications of infertility following HMs treatment, the specific effects of various therapies on reproductive function, and available fertility preservation strategies. Female patients may benefit from oocyte or ovarian tissue cryopreservation, while sperm banking remains the gold standard for males. Early, multidisciplinary counseling and timely referrals are essential for optimizing fertility outcomes. Current gaps in research, particularly concerning novel targeted therapies, highlight the need for further study. Integrating fertility preservation into standard oncologic care supports long-term quality of life and psychosocial well-being. This review highlights the significance of proactive, patient-focused strategies for fertility within the framework of HM survivorship.

Keywords: Hematological malignancy; Infertility; Fertility preservation; Chemotherapy; Radiotherapy; Gonad toxicity; Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Reproductive health