Abstract

Biofertilizers have emerged as a sustainable solution to soil degradation and declining agricultural productivity by enhancing soil fertility and nutrient availability through natural biological processes. Derived from diverse organisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, and higher plants, biofertilizers facilitate key mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and the production of growth-promoting substances. Unlike synthetic fertilizers, they prevent heavy metal accumulation, reduce environmental pollution, and mitigate climate change impacts while promoting long-term soil health. This review explores the potential of biofertilizers as eco-friendly alternatives, highlighting their role in sustainable agriculture and advocating for broader adoption to improve crop yields and environmental resilience.

Keywords:Biofertilizers; Crop yields; Pollution; Climate; Soil degradation