Abstract

Background: Osteo Porosis (OP) is a metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass, microstructural deterioration of bone tissue, and increased fracture risk. Given the global aging population, osteoporosis has become a significant public health concern with substantial socioeconomic ramifications. Physical exercise has emerged as a fundamental intervention for the prevention and management of this condition.
Materials and methods: This comprehensive literature review synthesizes evidence from epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses examining the role of physical exercise in osteoporosis prevention and treatment. The literature was sourced from peer-reviewed publications between 1994 and 2025 with an emphasis on high-quality evidence, including randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews.
Result: Regular weight-bearing and resistance exercise has been shown to prevent approximately 2% of annual bone loss in most populations and can increase bone mass by up to 40% in individuals who exercise consistently from an early age. Exercise has been demonstrated to enhance muscle strength, coordination, and balance, thereby reducing the risk of falls by 25-50% in elderly populations. Aerobic exercise has been demonstrated to exert a positive influence on VO2max, body composition, and cardiovascular parameters, while concurrently maintaining bone mineral density. The efficacy of exercise interventions is maximized when they are initiated early in life and consistently maintained throughout the lifespan.
Conclusion: Physical exercise constitutes a safe and cost-effective intervention for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Multimodal exercise programs that incorporate resistance training, weightbearing activities, and balance exercises have been shown to yield optimal outcomes. Healthcare providers should prioritize exercise prescription in conjunction with pharmacological interventions for the comprehensive management of osteoporosis.

Keywords:Osteoporosis; Physical exercise; Bone mineral density; Fracture prevention; Weight-bearing exercise