Abstract

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) have revolutionized personalized education by leveraging adaptive learning, cognitive modeling, and interactive feedback to simulate one-to-one instruction. This paper reviews key advancements in ITS design, implementation, and application across diverse domains, synthesizing findings from eleven seminal studies. It explores critical themes such as student modeling via Bayesian networks, cross-system course interoperability, gamification integration, and team-based tutoring. The review highlights challenges in system scalability, teacher acceptance, and interdisciplinary integration, while outlining future directions, including FHIR/UMLS integration in medical education and natural language-enhanced tutoring. By examining these innovations, this paper provides a roadmap for advancing ITS to meet evolving educational needs.

Keywords: Pedagogical impacts; Emphasizing technical innovations; Pedagogical functions; Technical innovations; Tutoring system; Clinical scenarios