Abstract

The Caspian seal (Pusa caspica), the smallest member of the Phocidae family and the only mammalian species inhabiting the Caspian Sea, has experienced severe population declines in recent decades. Major threats include overexploitation, incidental catch in sturgeon fisheries, outbreaks of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), environmental pollution and climate change-induced reduction in ice cover. As an apex predator, the Caspian seal plays a critical ecological role, yet its population has decreased from over one million individuals in the early 20th century to approximately 111,000 in 2005. The species exhibits seasonal migrations, monogamous breeding behavior and a diet primarily dependent on Black Sea Sprat (Clupeonella cultriventris). Habitat degradation, bioaccumulation of heavy metals and pesticides and illegal hunting further exacerbate population decline. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the biology, ecology and current conservation status of the Caspian seal, highlighting the urgent need for coordinated conservation strategies to ensure the survival of this endemic species.

Keywords:Caspian seal; Pusa caspica; Endangered species; Bioaccumulation; CDV; Overexploitation; Caspian sea ecosystem; Conservation