Abstract

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) remains a leading cause of hospital admissions and readmission among adults aged >50 years worldwide. This literature review examines trends in CHF-related hospitalizations from 2019 to 2024, highlighting disparities and global variations in outcomes. CHF affects an estimated 64 million people and imposes a significant burden on healthcare systems and patient quality of life. U.S. data indicate persistently high readmission rates despite declining initial hospitalizations, with Socioeconomic Status (SES), comorbidities, and racial disparities playing major roles. Internationally, 30-day readmission rates vary widely, ranging from 1.5% to 27.6%, underscoring inconsistencies in access to care, its delivery, and post-discharge follow-up. Studies have highlighted the underuse of Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy (GDMT), particularly among patients with lower SES, and revealed differences in adherence to treatment protocols across regions. Key themes include the importance of standardized treatment approaches, early intervention, and the integration of patient-centered strategies, such as regular symptom monitoring and enhanced transitional care. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with CHF is significantly affected by physical, emotional, and social factors and correlates with mortality risk. The literature underscores a strong association between poor HRQoL and adverse outcomes, particularly in underserved populations. Recommendations include the implementation of integrated care models, targeted interventions to reduce disparities, and the promotion of telehealth and education to support self-management of CHF. This review supports urgent calls for global collaboration to improve CHF care and equity-focused policies. Addressing both clinical and social determinants is essential for reducing admission rates and enhancing outcomes in older adults living with CHF.

Keywords:Congestive Heart Failure (CHF); Older adults; Hospital admission; Readmission; Disparities; Nursing implications