Abstract

Early and precise identification of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) is crucial to preventing patients from suffering permanent damage or death, prompting the development of immunosensor devices to detect and measure cardiac biomarkers. Biomarker levels in normal and patient Electrochemical immunosensors can used to monitor serum quickly, efficiently, and affordably. The quantitative detection of cardiovascular disorders employs immunosensors based on antibodyantigen interaction. This overview elucidates Immuno and biomimetic sensors developed by detecting Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). The introduction summarises a background about the status of the analytical methodologies for detecting cardiac markers and the principles and limitations of the immunoassays used in laboratory routine. The conceptual topic discusses the theoretical foundation of immunosensors, emphasizing electrochemical transduction, the main alternative offered by mass production. In addition, it presents the state-of-art of electrochemical immunosensors and biomimetics for detecting important cardiac markers, troponins T and I, myoglobin, B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), and CK-MB. Finally, the challenges and prospects of cardiac marker analytical electrochemical and diagnostic methods for rapid intervention, as pointof- care testing are discussed.

Keywords: Immunosensor; Cardiac infarction; Biomimetic sensor; Point-of-care testing; Antibodyantigen

Abbreviations: CVDs: Cardiovascular Diseases; AMI: Acute Myocardial Infarction; BNP: B-Type Natriuretic Peptide