Kamol Dey 1,2*, Silvia Agnelli1 and Luciana Sartore1
1 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Italy
2 Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author: Kamol Dey, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Italy
Submission: September 02, 2018; Published: November 27, 2018
ISSN: 2576-8816Volume7 Issue1
Natural tissues comprise a population of cells, extra cellular matrix (ECM) and signaling biomolecules. The only living component, cell, interacts with each other and with the ECM in an incredibly multifaceted way. From the materials point of view, cells are highly dynamic viscoelastic materials; reside in highly dynamic three dimensional (3D) viscoelastic ECM, communicate with its surrounding in a highly dynamic and complex way, and form a highly dynamic viscoelastic tissue [1,2]. The cells can continually read the microenviromental cues such as stiffness, porosity, topography etc. and respond to them in a mechano-sensitive way to maintain the both cellular and tissue health [3]. It has been long recognized that matrix integrity or stiffness has profound influences on cell function and fate [4-7]. Furthermore, cells exert forces on the matrix and gauge the feedback to make cell-fate decisions [8]. In a recent study, Chaudhuri et al. [9] show that stress relaxation, the ability of the matrix to dissipate cell-exerted forces, is a key mechanical signal to modulate stem cells fate and activity [9]. They tuned the stress relaxation response of the alginate hydrogels by altering alginate architecture using low to medium to high molecular weight alginate in combination with different crosslinking densities of calcium and covalent coupling of short polyethylene glycol as spacer to the gels, while keeping nearly constant initial elastic modulus and degradation, with an aim to decouple the initial elastic modulus and degradation from stress relaxation rate, and found that gels with faster stress relaxation enhanced cell spreading proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and further showed that these effects of stress relaxation were mediated by adhesion-ligand binding, actomyosin contractility and mechanical clustering of adhesion ligands. These findings support a model illustrated in Figure 1. Cells within a 3D matrix exert forces on the surrounding. In an elastic matrix, these cellular forces are stored within the static network indicating that there is no remodeling of the matrix microenvironment.
In contrast, in a viscoelastic matrix, theses forces can be relaxed over time through mechanical yielding and matrix remodeling. The stress relaxation rate is correlated with the degree of matrix remodeling: faster relaxation, greater remodeling. Stress relaxation is a dynamic mechanical cue that guides cells to mechanically remod el the matrix. In a fast-relaxing matrix, increased matrix remodeling facilitates the cell spreading, proliferation and differentiation.
In another study, Darnell et al. [10] examined whether stress relaxation rate can regulate bone formation in vivo by implanting alginate hydrogels with different rates of stress relaxation containing human MSCs into rat calvarial defects [10]. The authors found that the rats that received fast-relaxing gels showed significantly more new bone growth after three months than those that received slow-relaxing, stiffness-matched hydrogels. These two studies demonstrated that substrate stress relaxation can be a potential design parameter for promoting bone regeneration. Another recent study by Bauer et al. [11] revealed that spreading and proliferation of mouse myoblasts was greater in the soft stress-relaxing hydrogels compared to purely elastic hydrogels of the same initial elastic modulus [11]. In addition, Lee et al. [12] showed that faster stress relaxation of hydrogels promoted increased cartilage matrix production along with a wider volume of interconnected cartilage matrix [12]. In a very recent study, Ze Gong et al. [13] systematically examined the dynamics of motor clutches (i.e., focal adhesions) formed between the cell and a viscoelastic substrate using analytical methods and direct Monte Carlo simulation with an aim to decipher the mechanism of mechanosensitivity towards viscoelasticity of substrate [13]. Using both theoretical and experimental methods, they found that substrate viscosity showed no influence on cell spreading on the stiff substrates, while intermediate viscosity maximizes cell spreading on the soft substrates.
Taken together, these results highlight the importance of considering the matrix stress relaxation as a design parameter for materials in the tissue engineering. However, a time-resolved study is needed to fully elucidate the complex interdependence of cells and substrate stress relaxation kinetic that mediates optimal cell spreading in response to optimal stress relaxation rate similar to observing spatiotemporal relationship between the dynamics of focal adhesion systems and cell migration [14,15]. Finally, how do cells decide which response to trigger following a stress relaxation? It is clear that we are just only starting to understand and decipher how biological cells react to mechanical cues and further studies will enable discovery of all involved mechanisms fundamental in tissue growth and development.
Figure 1:Hypothesis for how matrix mechanical cues modulate cellular behavior. An elastic matrix stores the cell-induced forces, while, a viscoelastic matrix dissipates these forces through matrix reorganization and facilitates cell proliferation and differentiation. (a) Schematic representation of a stress-relaxation test. A strain is suddenly applied to the sample and subsequently kept constant, while the stress is recorded as a function of time. (b) A static stress is observed for elastic sample (purely) whereas (c) A dynamic stress, decreasing over time, is observed for a viscoelastic sample.
© 2018 Kamol Dey. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.