Oral Status of Children with Diabetes in the Hospital of Mali: 79 Observations

Table 1: Workforce distribution by age range.

Table 2: Distribution by level of study.

Table 3: Breakdown of the workforce by BMI.

Table 4: Breakdown of the workforce by blood glucose level.

Table 5: Result of glycated hemoglobin.

Table 6: Distribution by complications of diabetes.

Table 7: Breakdown of the population according to the frequency of brushing.

Table 8: Distribution according to brushing techniq

Table 9: Distribution according to knowledge of the relationship between diabetes and oral diseases.

Table 10: Percentage distribution of patients by CAD teeth.

Table 11: Percentage distribution of patients by plate index.

Table 12: Percentage distribution of patients by gingival index.

Diabetes is a condition characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from a deficiency of insulin secretion. Unbalanced, it can lead to severe complications. Periodontal disease is one of the complications of unbalanced diabetes. This bacterial disease destroys the tissues that support teeth and causes their loss. Prevention of dental diseases can have a beneficial effect on the balance of diabetes and the quality of life of the affected individuals [1]. Globally, an estimated 422 million people are living with diabetes in 2014, compared with 108 million in 1980. The global (age standardized) prevalence of diabetes has almost doubled since 1980, from 4.7% 8.5% [2].

Diabetes mellitus affects virtually all tissues and organs of the body, including those in the oral cavity, manifesting with several complications. These complications may include oral infections, and precancerous oral infections [3]. They are observable in children due to altered cellular immunity.

In Mali in 1996, studies in two national hospitals in Bamako showed that diabetes was the second leading cause of hospitalization and 40% of internal medicine. The prevalence of diabetes today exceeds 9.3% of the Malian population [4].

The objective of our study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the oral diseases observed in diabetic children followed at the hospital of Mali.

We carried out a cross-sectional epidemiological study based on oral observation of children with diabetes followed at the Mali hospital in Bamako over a period of four (4) months from March 1 to June 30, 2015, on a sample of 79 patients.

In this study we administered a medical questionnaire, followed by an oral examination. Clinical characteristics of diabetes were collected from follow-up diaries, reference sheets, consultation and hospitalization records. The population concerned was the diabetic children followed in the Department of Medicine and Endocrinology of the Mali Hospital. We used the Green and Vermillon Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (IHOS) and WILKINS to assess the quality of oral hygiene. The gingival index of LOE and SILNESS for gingival inflammation and the CAD / D index for dental status. Dental mobility was assessed by the MUHLEMANN index [5]. Statistical calculations were performed with Pearson chi-2 with an alpha risk ≤0.05.

We recorded 67 cases of periodontal disease, a frequency of 84.81%. The male sex accounted for 51.89% of cases for a sex ratio of 1.07. The age group 12-15 years was the most represented with 65.6% of the cases. The majority of the patients were students / students, or 88.6% of the cases.

All our patients had type 1 diabetes for 1 to 5 years in 72.15% of cases. Fifty - nine (59) patients had blood glucose levels above 1.26g/l, or 76.8% of the cases. Forty-six (46) patients had glycated hemoglobin >10% or 57.7%. The diseases observed in our patients were problems of retinopathies and gastritis / ulcers with respectively 34% and 28% of the cases.

All children brushed their teeth either 100% of the cases for a twice daily frequency of brushing (47.4%). However, a poor technique of brushing was found in 96.20% of cases and the majority of children were unaware of the relationship between diabetes and oral diseases, 93.67% of cases. A low plaque index (poor oral hygiene) was observed in 8.8% of cases for severe gingival inflammation in 6.33% of cases. Children with diabetes had a malocclusion in 74.6% of the cases, 29.1% had halitosis and 56.9% had dry mouth. The gingival index was mean in 40.5% of the cases and they had angular cheilitis, glossitis and palliative lesions respectively in 22.78%; 20.25% and 18.98%. Diabetic children did not consult with Dental Surgeon in 76.0% of cases. We found no statistical link between the socio-demographic variables and the various indices.

In our study we recorded an overall frequency of 84.81% of cases of periodontal disease. In a study conducted in Mali, Sidibe [6] reported 80% of the cases, which is supported by other similar studies in Senegal 97.5% [7], Essama et al. [8]. In Cameroon reported 87,80% of cases of gingivitis and 12,20% of periodontitis).

The male sex was the most represented with 51.89% and a sex ratio 1.07. The most represented age group was that of 12 to 15 years, 65.6% of the cases. According to socio-professional activity, students accounted for 88.6% of the cases. In Mali, Togo [9] and Coulibaly [10] respectively reported a male predominance of 51.4% and 55.3% of cases. In Senegal, Thiam [7] reported 57.5% of male cases and Thiam [11] reported an age group of 13-15 years (62% of cases).

From the point of view of the diabetic clinical characteristics all our patients had the type 1 and a seniority of 1 to 5 years in 72.1% of the cases. Fifty-nine patients (76.8%) had blood glucose levels greater than or equal to 1.26g/l (hyperglycemic), and had glycated hemoglobin >10% in 57.7% of the cases. of diabetes. Our patients did not know the relationship between diabetes and oral disease in 93.67% of cases.

Coulibaly [10] reported in his study a blood glucose level greater than or equal to 84.6% of the cases. Thiam [7] reported a 4-year seniority in diabetes, 67% of cases. In France, Ternois et al. [12] reported in 74 diabetic children aged 1 to 17.5 years a very unbalanced glycated hemoglobin of 8 to 10% or >10%, or 54% of the cases. They reported little information about diabetes and oral health in 39% of children.

Peyraud et al. [13] reported a diabetes mellitus for less than five years, average glycated hemoglobin of 8.0±0.97% and an age of 5.92±2.75 years. The children in their study had an "acceptable" level of knowledge about oral health / diabetes links [13]. Choleau et al. [14] reported in their study an age of diabetes of 4.9±3.6 years and mean HbA1c of 8.3±1.5 in children.

In our study, children had poor oral hygiene in 8.8% and a severe gingival index in 6.33%. They had malocclusion in 74.6% (however we did not investigate the link between this condition and periodontal disease), halitosis in 29.1% and dryness in the mouth in 56.9% of cases.

Bissong et al. [3] reported in Cameroonian diabetic patients 23.5% of gingivitis; 24.8% periodontitis; 19.5% of dental caries and 21.5% of oral candidacies. Thiam [7] reported an average gingival inflammation in 72.5% of cases and average oral hygiene in 77.5% of cases. Peyraud et al. [13] reported an average CAD score of 0.80±1.38 and an average gingival index of 0.50±0.54 with better oral hygiene.

No statistical link between the periodontal status (plaque index and gingival index) and sex, age group and age of diabetes.

The study revealed a high frequency of oral diseases in children with diabetes. Awareness-raising campaigns and the promotion of oral health for this segment of the population are needed. It is necessary to integrate the Surgeon-Dentist into the multidisciplinary care team in order to improve the health and quality of life of the children.

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