Abstract

Genome editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas, have revolutionized biomedical research and offer transformative potential in various fields. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the historical context, current applications, and societal implications of genome editing. The introduction of CRISPRCas in 2012 represented a major leap forward, simplifying and improving the accuracy of gene editing compared to older tools such as zinc-finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases. This simplicity has hastened the uptake of genome editing technologies in both research and clinical environments, allowing researchers to delve deeper into gene function and disease mechanisms. CRISPRCas holds promise for treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia, potentially providing more effective and less invasive therapies than conventional approaches. Despite the promise of genome editing in biomedical research and therapy, ethical, legal, and social considerations abound. The ability to edit the human germline raises ethical questions about the potential for designer babies and genetic enhancement. Ensuring equitable access to these technologies and preventing unintended consequences are paramount. Strong regulatory frameworks and policies are necessary to guide the safe, efficient, and ethical application of genome editing technologies. Global collaboration and ongoing dialogue among scientists, policymakers, and the public are essential for addressing these challenges. Societal perspectives play a crucial role in shaping policies and regulations to ensure that genome editing is used responsibly and ethically. In agriculture, genome editing offers solutions to challenges posed by climate change and microbial pathogens.

Gene editing in crops can improve resilience to environmental stressors and enhance nutritional value, contributing to food security and sustainability. Ethical considerations around genome editing, particularly in human germline editing for biomedical enhancement, raise complex issues. Dialogue and consensus building are essential to navigate these challenges and ensure that genome editing is used for the benefit of society as a whole. Taken together, genome editing holds immense promise for addressing global health and agricultural challenges. However, its responsible implementation requires careful consideration of ethical, legal, and societal implications, underscoring the need for collaborative governance frame works to guide its ethical and equitable application.