Abstract

Background: Autoimmune disorders, such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Coeliac Disease (CD), have been linked to schizophrenia (SCZ), providing valuable insights into the potential mechanisms underlying this complex psychiatric condition. While RA appears to be associated with a reduced risk of developing SCZ, CD is linked to an increased risk, suggesting that the immune system plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of SCZ. These contrasting findings highlight the need for further exploration into how immune dysfunction may contribute to the onset of SCZ and other psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder. As our understanding of the immune system’s influence on mental health advances, it opens up new possibilities for immune-based therapies for SCZ, potentially leading to innovative treatment and prevention strategies. Aims: This study aims to explore the link between autoimmune disorders and SCZ, focusing on the immune system’s role in both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative psychiatric conditions. It will examine the molecular mechanisms connecting autoimmune diseases to SCZ, including inflammatory cytokines, immune cell dysregulation and neuroinflammation. The research will also investigate the contrasting epidemiological patterns of SCZ, particularly the reduced incidence among RA patients and increased incidence in individual with CD. Method: This study will adopt a comprehensive, integrative approach that combines psychiatric, immunological and neurobiological methodologies. It will begin with a systematic analysis of medical conditions with varying rates of SCZ incidence, identifying patterns and risk factors related to autoimmune diseases. The focus will then shift to the rapidly evolving field of autoinflammatory diseases, examining molecular and cellular interactions through biological samples to assess inflammatory cytokine profiles, immune cell dysregulation and neuroinflammation. An interdisciplinary approach, particularly within the emerging field of immunopsychiatry, will be employed to integrate data from immunology, psychiatry and neurobiology to deepen our understanding of SCZ pathogenesis. Results: Current research into the immune system’s role in SCZ holds substantial promise for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and preventive measures. A comprehensive approach that integrates both mental and physical health perspectives can enhance patient outcomes by addressing the bidirectional relationship between these systems. Incorporating immune system research into cognitive science has proven essential in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of SCZ and related disorders. Additionally, a paradigm shifts toward proactive healthcare, emphasizing prevention rather than reactive treatment, could significantly improve the management of SCZ. This evolving body of evidence suggests that a more nuanced understanding of the interplay between physical and mental health could lead to the development of advanced diagnostic tools, more effective therapies and potential breakthroughs in the prevention and treatment of SCZ and similar disorders. Conclusion: The integration of immune system research with psychiatric and neurobiological sciences presents promising opportunities for advancing our understanding of the pathogenesis of SCZ and related disorders. By emphasizing the immune system’s role, particularly through the lens of autoimmune diseases, this research has the potential to inform the development of novel treatment strategies and preventive interventions for SCZ. A shift toward a multifactorial and proactive approach in both research and healthcare is crucial for developing targeted, effective therapies and accomplishing significant breakthroughs in SCZ prevention and management. The application of cutting-edge technologies, including genomic profiling, immunophenotyping and advanced neuroimaging, will be vital in broadening our understanding of SCZ’s complex aetiology and developing precision-based treatments. The anti-aging gene Sirtuin 1 is important to the treatment of autoimmune diseases and neuropsychiatric diseases. Sirtuin 1 is possibly a novel treatment strategy for interventions in SCZ. diseases.

Keywords:Autoimmunity; Autoinflammation; Rheumatoid arthritis; Schizophrenia; Coeliac disease