Abstract

The Bamenda escarpment, a geologically sensitive region located along the North-West stretch of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, spans approximately 8.4km² and is characterized by steep slopes and highly weathered residual soils. These features make the area highly prone to landslides, especially during the rainy season. Over recent decades, rapid population growth and urban expansion have led to increased settlement development in this high-risk zone, exacerbating the vulnerability of communities to landslide hazards. Despite the mounting risks, settlements continue to grow in the area, posing significant challenges to both local populations and urban planners. This study aimed to assess the local community’s perception of landslide risks and explore the spatial and temporal evolution of settlements within the Bamenda escarpment over a 40-year period (1980-2020). A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining both primary and secondary data sources. Data collection involved a multi-stage random sampling design that included purposive, stratified, and systematic random sampling techniques. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) methods were used to analyze satellite imagery and map land use changes, focusing on the evolution of built-up areas over the four-decade period. To test the relationships between socio-demographic characteristics and landslide perception, Chi-square tests and simple linear regression analyses were conducted.

The results revealed significant spatio-temporal changes in settlement patterns, with a marked increase in built-up areas between 1980 and 2020. The expansion of settlements is largely attributed to population growth, urban sprawl, and the increasing demand for affordable housing. The study also found that the perception of landslide hazards was strongly influenced by socio-demographic factors, such as age, education, and income levels. A majority of the respondents were aware of the landslide risks in the area, but their understanding of the underlying causes, frequency, and potential impacts varied based on these socio-demographic factors. While several coping strategies were implemented, such as temporary relocation and the construction of retaining walls, these measures were found to be largely ineffective in mitigating the impacts of landslides. Furthermore, the study established a positive correlation between community perception of landslides and the evolution of settlements, suggesting that greater awareness of landslide risks could potentially influence settlement patterns and urban development in high-risk areas. Based on these findings, the study recommends targeted community education programs to raise awareness about landslide risks, improved emergency preparedness, and the development of more effective, context-specific adaptation strategies. Strengthening local government involvement and fostering community resilience through better planning and policy interventions are also critical to reducing vulnerability and enhancing long-term sustainability in the region.

Keywords:Bamenda escarpment; Landslide hazards; Settlement evolution; Perception; Socio-demographic factors; Coping strategies; Remote sensing; Urbanization; Cameroon volcanic line