Dexin Ma1, 2*, Yunxing Zhao1, 2 and Weitai Xu1
1Wedge Central South Research Institute, Shenzhen 518045, China
2Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
*Corresponding author: Dexin Ma, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Submission: October 01, 2021;Published: October 11, 2021
ISSN: 2576-8840 Volume 15 Issue 5
In comparison to our conventional knowledge, some new features of freckle appearance have been observed, indicating new aspects of freckle formation in the Single Crystal (SC) turbine blades made of superalloys. The casting shape has more significant influence on the freckle formation than the local thermal condition. On the transverse sections of the components with curved contour, freckles were exclusively found on the outward curving surfaces having positive curvature, because the surface effect zones of the neighboring sides are overlapped, providing more favorable convection condition. In comparison, the surfaces with negative curvature remained freckle free, because the surface effect of the neighboring sides is divergent from each other. In the longitudinal direction, the freckle formation can be promoted by contracting contour and suppressed by expanding one, respectively.
Keywords: Freckle; Superalloy; Single crystal; Geometry features
Freckles are presently one of the main cast defects in the Single Crystal (SC) castings made of superalloys. It is now generally agreed that freckle occurrence is dependent on three factors: alloy chemistry, solidification conditions and casting size. For a defined alloy, thicker components are believed to be more freckle-prone, due to the lower solidification rate, large dendrite spacing and sufficient reservoir to support the interdendritic convection [1-5]. Besides the experimental investigations, a lot of studies have concentrated on the development of computational models and the Rayleigh-number-based criteria to describe the freckling onset [6-11]. However, the previous freckle studies were mostly based on examination of casting components with simple geometry, which were solidified under simplified conditions. The corresponding results are normally unsuitable for prediction and prevention of freckle formation in the industrial production of real SC castings.
In the recent works, a series of SC experiments using superalloy components with relatively complex geometry were carried out under industrial conditions, showing number of interesting phenomena about freckle formation. This will contribute to a better understanding of freckle formation in directionally solidified components of superalloys summarized as following new features: shadow-effect [11], step-effect [11,12], orientation-effect [13], slopping-effect [14], edge-effect [11,15].
In the present work, some SC turbine blades using second generation superalloys CMSX-4 and DD5 (Table 1) were directionally solidified under industrial conditions. It was fund that the geometrical feature of castings plays a very important part in the freckle formation. Both of the geometry feature on transversal sections and the geometrical variation along the longitudinal direction can more effectively affect the freckle formation than the local thermal conditions.
Effect of transversal geometry feature (curvature effect)
Figure 1 shows one of the produced turbine blades of alloy DD5,
in which serious freckle defects occurred almost exclusively on the
leading and trailing edges. This phenomenon cannot be explained
with the current scientific knowledge. Ordinarily, the casting edges,
especially the trailing edges of the turbine blades, are the thinnest
portion and have the best cooling condition during solidification,
where no freckles are expected. However, the observation in Figure
1 indicates clearly the promoting effect of the edge geometry on the
freckle formation.
Figure 1: Freckles on the leading and trailing edge of a blade (a) and the corresponding cross section (b).
Figure 2 shows a shematic of the transversal section of a
blade airfoil, in which the surface was cut into a closed curve. Four
characteristic locations (A, B, C and D) are marked to indicate
respectively the trailing and leading edge as well as the pressure
and suction side of the airfoil. According to our experimental
detection, the most serious freckle defect was observed on the
trailing (A) and leading edge (B) having high curvature. Sometimes
freckles were also observed on the position C whose curvature is
relatively low but still positive. On the position D with a negative
curvature, however, no freckles have been detected. Therefore,
the location ranking for the freckling tendency is A-B-C-D, just the
same as their curvature ranking. This phenomenon was then called
curvature effect of freckle formation. This appears to contradict the
current knowledge about the effect of size and thermal condition,
which gives the exact opposite prediction for the freckling tendency
ranking in Figure 2.
Freckles are a surface defect whose formation is promoted by
the surface contacting with the mold wall, revealing the so called
surface effect or wall effect. In our previous study [16], the flow
permeability near the casting surface was examined to be about
one order of magnitude higher than that inside the mushy zone. A
boundary layer was defined to indicate the depth of surface effect.
At the convex edges having positive curvature, such as at site A, B,
and C in Figure 2, the surface effect zones of the neighboring sides
are overlapped, providing more favorable freckling condition. On
the concave edge having negative curvature, such as location D in
Figure 2, the surface effect of the neighboring sides is divergent
from each other, resulting normally a freckle free zone. This can
be called as the curvature effect of the transversal geometry on the
freckle formation, corresponding to the edge effect in the polygonal
sections of castings [11]. In hollow blades, the occurrence of the
internal freckles is strongly influenced by the curvature of the
inserted ceramic cores.
Figure 2: Schematic of the transversal contour of a blade showing the freckling (FC) locations.
Effect of longitudinal geometry feature (contracting and expanding effect)
According to the well-known effect of casting size and thermal
condition, the castings should become less freckle prone as their
thickness decreases, because of the increase in the local cooling
rate. In Figure 3, however, the opposite phenomenon was observed.
The solidification of turbine blades was performed vertically,
revealing a geometrical ruduction in solidification direction. The
freckles did not occurr on the thicker portions at the low levels,
but at the narrow passes after a geometrical contraction, just in
contrary to our current knowledge.
Figure 3: Two examples of freckle formation induced by the vertical geometry contraction in the blades of alloy DD5.
Figure 4 shows a SC blade of alloy CMSX-4 with freckles in
some characteristic positions. The blade was vertically solidified
from bottom to top. At position A, the contour of the blade is
reduced, leading to the corresponding occurrence of freckles. At the subquent enlargement of the contour at B, the existing freckle chain
disapeared, instead of further growth. Position C is the transition
from platform into airfoil, acompanied with a significant reduction
in contour. As a result a freckle chain was formed on the edge and
developed further along the edge. Position D is the geometrical
transition from airfoil to the upper shroud. Due to the geometrical
enlargement the existing freckle chain was stopped to grow and the
solidification structure became freckle free again.
According to the well-known size effect on freckle formation,
the freckling extent becomes more pronounced as the casting
size increases. However, in Figure 4 the contrary phenomena
were observed. All of the contracting portions in the investigated
blade exhibit serious freckles. In contract to this, no freckles
were observed on the surfaces of any portion possessing a size
enlargement in the solidification direction.
Figure 4: Freckle (FC) formation affected by vertical geometry variation in a SC blade, revealing both the promoting and suppressing effect of the geometrical contracting (A and C) and expanding (B and D), respectively.
The mechanism for how the longitudinal variation of casting geometry affects the freckle formation is not very clear. It is believed that the contracting geometry in solidification direction means higher surface/volume ratio and more surface effect. Moreover, this geometry feature provides a wider supporting reservoir from below for freckling flow in the upper narrow pass. In the case of size enlargement in solidification direction, the surface/volume ratio becomes lower, leading to an insufficient surface effect for the freckle formation. Moreover, the geometrical lack of the convection reservoir from below becomes another factor to suppress the freckle formation.
Development of freckles into stray grains
As stated above, the freckles are often observed on the leading
and trailing edges due to the high surface curvature. During
solidification, the sharp edges have the best cooling condition in the
blade, resulting in a faster dendrite growth ahead of the neighboring
suction and pressure sides. In the advanced mushy zone on the
blade edges, the small equiaxed grains forming the freckle chain
can easily grow vertically ahead (Figure 5a) or laterally into the
blade sides (Figure 5b). In these cases, the freckles characterized
as chain-like surface defect developed finally into stray grains, a
3-dimensional structure defect of large size. This phenomena is
not often observed in the components of simple geometry, such as
cylindrical bars, in which a much flatter solidification front could
be established.
In summary, freckle formation in SC castings was fund to be very
strongly effected by their geometrical feature, so that the influence
of local thermal condition could be neglected. On the transverse
sections of the castings with curved contour, freckles were
exclusively found on the outward curving surfaces having positive
curvature, whereas the surfaces with negative one remained freckle
free. In the longitudinal direction, the freckle formation can be
promoted by contracting contour and suppressed by expanding
one, respectively. The freckles on the casting edges can laterally
or longitudinally develop into the stray grains, becoming another
typical defect in SC castings.
Figure 5: Stray grains originated from the freckles (FC) on the blade edges of alloy DD5.
© 2021 Dexin Ma. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.