Ali Akbar Enayati1*, Fatemeh Ramezanian Sani2 and Fatemeh Kavei2
1Prof. of Wood Composites Panel Technology, University of Tehran, Iran
2MSc in wood Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Iran
*Corresponding author:Ali Akbar Enayati, Prof of Wood Composites Panel Technology, University of Tehran, Iran
Submission: April 02, 2021;Published: April 27, 2021
ISSN: 2576-8840 Volume 15 Issue 2
The present study is focused on the possibility of use of PVC wastes and sawdust (dividing cut and edging of MDF panels) in WPC production. Variables included mixing ratio in three levels (45/55, 50/50 and 60/40), as well as press time of 8, 10, 12 minutes. Panels were compressed in a molde and physical and mechanical properties of panels including bending strength, tensile strength, bending and tensile modulus, impact strength and Thickness Swelling (TS) were measured. The results showed that the mechanical properties of panels were significantly higher when the PVC/Sawdust ratio was 50:50. Thicknesses swelling after 24 hours as well as long term holding decreased with the increase in PVC / sawdust ratio. In addition, the physical and mechanical properties of composite have been significantly affected by press time. It was concluded that the panel made of 50% PVC combined with 50% sawdust pressed for 8 minutes exhibited suitable properties for most applications.
Keywords: PVC; Wood-plastic composite; MDF; Press time; Physical and mechanical properties
Increasing the wood composite products and the plastic wastes amount in one hand and their environmental unfavorable effects on the other hand, forced researchers to present solutions. One of the most successful strategies to solve both problems is to use them in wood-plastic composites production, which is use currently in many countries [1].
Wood plastic composites refer to all composites consisting of wood and thermosetting or thermoplastic materials. Nowadays more attention is allocated to thermoplastic composites, and wood-PVC composites are one of the commonest. However, the type of plastic in composites depends on its inherent properties, the type of product and its end-use, the accessibility of the plastic, and expenses [1]. Production of wood plastic composites has economical advantages because of variety in raw materials. Moreover, wood plastic composites have better natural durability in comparison with solid wood [2]. It was reported that at a dosage of 35%(weight percent) of soy straw powder and 6% nano-clay particles addition, the strength properties of composites except tensile and flexural modulus as well as the impact strength reduced. At the higher amount of the nano-clay, the flexural strength and tensile strength decreased and tensile and flexural modulus as well as the impact strength improved [3].
Tasouji et al. [1] studied the physical and mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites produced from wheat and rice straw particles, nano-clay, polypropylene and MAPP. The panels made of rice straw showed better results compare to those of wheat straw due to their high amount of silica and its compatibility with nano-clay. Nourbakhsh [4] has reported that agricultural residue fibers (i.e., corn stalk, reed stalk, and oilseed stalk) materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of mechanical properties. Overall trend showed that with the addition of agricultural residue fibers, tensile and flexural properties of the composites are significantly enhanced. Oilseed fibers showed superior mechanical properties due to their high aspect ratio and chemical characteristics. Aliyegebenoma et al. [5] focused on the modeling and production of the injection molded Polyvinylchloride-Sawdust (PVC-sawdust) composite. The results for PVC-Sawdust composite showed that the tensile strength, proof stress, flexural strength and flexural modulus were maximized at barrel temperature of 224.65 ℃ and polymer level of 61.46% respectively the coefficient of determination (R2) obtained ranged from 0.9213 (92.13%) to 0.981 (98.10%).
Ahmad [6] tried to provide more insight into the optimum
injection temperature used for the production of PE crates. The
results revealed that producing the crates at a temperature
range of 260-280 °C gives the best rheological and mechanical
result. The lowest drop in thermal stability was observed for the
crates produced at this temperature range. Wechesler et al. [7]
investigated the effect of radiant pine wood fibers and its powder
with mesh 10 to 100, at 60 and 80% levels in the manufacturing of
plastic wood composites using polypropylene thermoplastic. The
physical and chemical properties of the samples were improved
by adding four chemicals to the boards. Plastic wood composites
that were made by wood powder had lower mechanical strengths
than wood-plastic composites made by wood fibers. Chaharmahali
et al. [8] using two methods including melt blend and dry blend
to produce Wood-Plastic composites Panels from high density
polyethylene (as resin) and particleboard waste (as natural fiber).
Mechanical properties of samples made with dry blend method
were generally higher than those of samples made with melt blend
method for all corresponding formulations. Ghasemi et al. [9]
examined the effect of wood particle size (100, 250, and 400μm)
on the physical mechanical properties of WPC such as tensile
properties, Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT), Melt Flow Index
(MFI) and notched Izod impact resistance as well as the rheological
behaviors as function of wood particle size. The data showed that
an increase in wood particle size increased the tensile modulus and
MFI while there was no considerable change in the elongation-atbreak.
The results also indicated that the impact resistance and
tensile strength increased as the particle size increasing. (HDT) was
independent of variation of wood particle size.
Shakeri et al. [10] fabricated cellolusic fibers-polymer
composite using recycled polystyrene and waste newspaper. It was
found that the highest tensile strength and impact strength was
obtained in sample which contained 78% recycled polystyrene,
20% paper fibers and 2% Maleic Anhydrided (MA). Stark [11] used
Dumardon’s extruder to measure the effect of size and distribution
of wood particles on the physical and mechanical properties of
wood-plastic polymers at 190 ℃. According to the result, the
smaller the particles size, the better mechanical properties (e.g.,
higher modulus and tensile strength). In addition, the best particle
size for a good process and proper properties was 100 mesh. Little
or no study is carried out on a mixture of sawdust and PVC wastes
as two important raw materials in flat pressed WPCs. This research
aimed to study the possibility of producing wood-plastic panels
using PVC and sawdust wastes and evaluation their physical and
mechanical properties.
PVC polymer wastes was purchased from plastic materials factories and sawdust particles (dividing cut and edging of MDF panels) from kitchen cabinet industries. The PVC material had a density of 1.30-1.45 g/cm3, water absorption of 0.04-0.4%, specific heat of 0.9kJ, thermal conductivity of 0.14-0.28 Kcal/mh °C and melting point of 100-260 °C. The sawdust particles were 20-60 mesh, placed in a laboratory electric oven at 103 °C for 3 hours to reach 1% moisture content and then kept in the plastic bags until the production of test boards.
Manufacturing of test boards
The test boards were made with the mixing ratio of sawdust particles and PVC waste of 50:50%, 45:55%, 40:60% and press time of 8,10,12 minutes. Board density (1g/cm3), board thickness 1cm, press temperature 180 °C, press pressure 20 bar was constant for all treatments. The homogeneous mixture of sawdust and PVC waste was poured carefully by hand into a 20×20×1cm metal mold. The formed mat was hot pressed at a temperature of 180 °C and a pressure of 20 bar. After hot pressing, panels were kept in a cold press for 5 minutes and then placed in a room conditions (temperature of 20 °C and relative humidity 65%) for 2 weeks .The test panels were cut in samples to determine their physical and mechanical properties.
Experimental
The bending strength were determined according to ASTM D-790 standard, tensile strength according to ASTM D-638 standard, by Instron4486 device and impact strength according to ASTM D-256 standard, by the SILT20D Santam device. Thickness swirling in 24 hours immersion in water was determined according to ASTM D1037 standard.
Statistical analysis of data
This study was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design and factorial test. The variance analysis of the interaction effects of the variable factors on the characteristics of boards was done at1% significance level.
Statistical analysis of the results showed that the density of the
test boards of various treatments
was not significantly different.
Effect of mixing sawdust and PVC
Thickness swelling: The results showed that ratio of sawdust / PVC had significant effect on the thickness swelling.
Figure 1: Effect of different mixing ratio on thickness swelling.
As shown in Figures 1 & 2, the lowest thickness swelling is in composites panels produced using mixing ratio of 60:40, and had a significant difference with those of 50:50 ratio. All formulations reached their maximum thickness swelling after almost 100 hours. Tajvidi et al. [2] also found that by increasing the amount of PVC, the thickness swelling of panels decreases, which is resulting from the reducing the amount of hydrophilic sawdust in the structure of composites panels.
Figure 2:Effect of different mixing ratio on longterm thickness swelling.
Mechanical properties: The effect of mixing ratio of sawdust and PVC wastes on the bending strength, tensile strength and impact strength, bending and tensile modulus of the panels is presented in Figures 3-5. Statistical analysis has showed that the change in results is significant only for bending and tensile modulus.
Figure 3:Effect of mixing ratio on the bending strength and bending modulus.
Figure 4:Effect of mixing ratio on tensile strength and tensile modulus.
Figure 5:Effect of mixing ratio on the impact strength.
The maximum bending strength was for the composite panels
produced using mixing ratio of 50:50 (Figure 3). Munoz [12] also
concluded that increasing fiber content up to 55% in the mixture,
increases the bending strength of composite. Very fine fibers
obtained from MDF wastes provide a high specific surface. Higher
aspect ratios provided better transfer of stress to the particles in
the matrix, resulting in a higher MOR. MOE data indicated that the
maximum bending modulus is for a composite panels made using a
mixing ratio of 50:50 (Figure 3). Ziaei et al. [13] also reported that
increasing the percentage of lignocelluloses filler mixed with Heavy
Polyethylene (HDPE) up to 50:50 increases bending modulus of
the composite panels. This increase in MOE values can be also
contributed to the better transfer of stress to the fibers, due to their
higher aspect ratios.
Tensile strength was also relatively improved as PVC content
increased and reached its maximum by 50%, then showed a
decreasing trend (Figure 4). Statistical analysis revealed no
significant difference in all PVC/sawdust mixing ratios. The same
increasing trend was reported by Munoz [12]. This increase
in tensile strength values can be also contributed to the better
transfer of stress to the flax fibers, due to their higher resistance
against tensile stress. In addition, results showed an increasing
trend in MOE as PVC/sawdust ratio increased to 50:50 and reached
its maximum value and then reduced (Figure 4). It is hypothesized
that fine wood fiber had better integration with the plastic matrix
[13].
Impact strength represents the resistance of materials against
crack initiation. The more value is, the more energy the specimen
absorbs. Impact resistance tests showed higher value when the
sawdust content in test panels was 55 percent (Figure 5). Statistical
analysis revealed no significant difference in all PVC/sawdust
ratios. Rangavar et al. [14] reported the same increasing trend in
the evaluation of properties of composites panels produced using
PVC and wood powder.
The effect of press time
Thickness swelling: The results of thickness swelling showed that as the press time increased, the amount of thickness swelling decreased (Figures 6 & 7). The lowest thickness swelling was for WPC panels made in press time of 12 minutes. This explains that PVC matrix had enough time to cover the whole sawdust particles, this allows the reduction of surface of moisture sorption and decreased the thickness swelling of panels.
Figure 6:Effect of press time on the composite thickness swelling.
Figure 7:Effect of press time on long-term thickness swelling.
Mechanical properties: The effect of press time on all mechanical properties excluding impact resistance and tensile modulus was significant.
Figure 8:Effect of press times on the bending strength and bending modulus.
Results of bending strength tests indicated a decrease when
the press time was increased up to 10 minutes and then showed an
increasing trend (Figure 8). The maximum bending strength was
for WPC made in press time of 8 minutes with. Increase in MOR as a result of increase in press time was also reported in other studies
[15]. Higher press time provided better material distribution
during hot pressing and therefore better transfer of stress to the
sawdust particles in the matrix. The highest bending modulus was
also obtained for composite panels made in press time of 8 minutes
(Figure 8). Rangavar et al. [14] suggest that the unusual behavior
of PVC in the wood-plastic composite could be caused by absence
of thermal stabilizers. Therefore, reducing the bending modulus of
panel for press time of 10 minutes can be related to the nature of
PVC.
The maximum tensile strength was for WPC made in 12
minutes, but there is no significant difference with those produced
in 8 minutes (Figure 9). The results indicate that the tensile strength
of the composite decreased when the press time increased up to 10
minutes [16]. Absence of thermal stabilizers can be caused unusual
behavior of PVC during the hot pressing. Although no significant,
the results of tensile modulus data showed that the maximum
tensile modulus was for a composite panels made in press time
of 8 minutes (Figure 9). The tensile modulus reduced as a result
of increase the press time up to 10 minutes and then showed an
increasing trend when the press time increased.
Figure 9:Effect of press times on tensile strength and tensile modulus.
The impact strength was also improved as the press time increased to 10 minutes and then showed a decreasing trend (Figure 10). Statistical analysis revealed no significant relationship between the press time and impact strength of panels. The maximum impact strength was for composite made in press time of 10 minutes. Matie et al. [15] also reported similar trend.
Figure 10:Effect of press times on the impact strength.
Based on the results it may be concluded that the PVC/Sawdust
ratio greatly affect the physical and mechanical properties of WPC.
The mechanical properties of panels were significantly higher when
the PVC/Sawdust ratio of 50:50 was used. Thicknesses swelling in
24 hours as well as in long term both decreased with the increase
in PVC / sawdust ratios. In addition, the physical and mechanical
properties of composite have been significantly affected by press
time. Although no specific relationship was found between the
press time and physical and mechanical properties of composites.
Moreover, it was found that the panel made of 50% PVC
combined with 50% sawdust pressed for 8 minutes exhibited
overall suitable properties for most applications.
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF).
© 2021 Ali Akbar Enayati. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.