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Polymer Science: Peer Review Journal
Biopolymers-Applications in Various Fields: A Mini Review
Arjun Pandian1, Sivakumar Bose2 and Sasikumar Yesudass3*
1Department of Biotechnology, PRIST Deemed University, India
2College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, China
3School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, China
*Corresponding author: Sasikumar Yesudass, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
Submission: November 24, 2020;Published: December 21, 2020
ISSN: 2770-6613 Volume1 Issue3
Abstract
Biopolymers are polymeric biomolecules that contain monomeric units which are covalently bonded to form a larger molecule. Biopolymers in nature are produced by various microorganisms and plants which require specific nutrients with a controlled environmental conditions. Biopolymers along with nanotechnology have found many applications in various fields which includes water treatment, energy sector, food industry, biomedical, photonic applications etc. Applications of biopolymers in various fields, especially in the field of green nanotechnology, biomedical and pharmaceutical industry etc., and it various characterization techniques were discussed in this review article.
Keywords: Biopolymers; Green nanotechnology; Pharmaceutical industry; Biocompatibility; Nanofillers
Introduction
The biopolymers are natural, and it has produced through various living organisms, which consists of monomeric units that form bigger molecules, polysaccharides (carbohydrates), polypeptides (proteins) and polynucleotides (DNA, RNA). Biopolymers that have included are suberin and lignin (complex polyphenolic polymers), natural rubbers (isoprene), cutan and cutin (fatty acids) and melanin etc. It can be classified as biodetergent, bioplastics, bioadhesive, biosurfactant, biofloculant [1].
Biopolymers with Different Characterization Techniques
It is characterized mainly for two purposes viz; processing development parameters, characteristics of end use performance determinations. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to examine the interactions of different functional groups present in biopolymers, hydrogen bonding interactions, amide linkage, effortlessly detected through spectral analyzing [2]. Amongst different techniques, attenuated total reflection (ATR) with variety of sample device based upon the Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was measured as an impending one. It is the smallest sample preparation that requires and permits regular analysis at mutually in the field environments and laboratories, and it is uncomplicated to the function. Visible and near-infrared (VIS–NIR) spectroscopy is a glowing recognized with different for measuring constituent of biological materials [3]. X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were productively used to learn biopolymers crystallinity, NMR spectroscopy for molecular dynamics of water adsorbed on surfaces of biopolymers and biopolymers functional groups straightforwardly are indomitable through NMR technique [4]. The time relaxation, temperature and magnetic field has proved the constructive resource of information in phase change, solubility, molecular structure, conformational exchange, and biopolymers diffusion. Thermal analysis (TA) method, an essential methodical technique is used for polymers characterization which provides an appropriate in sequence concerning of chemical stability, thermal, phase transition kinetics, temperatures, rheology, and polymers molecular relaxation times. Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy (SKPM) is used extremely for strong implement in materials science and its surface mapping of the electrostatic potential [5].
Biopolymers in Green Nanotechnology
Nanosized derivatives of polysaccharides like cellulose and starch synthesized in immensity were used for bio nano composites developments. The polymeric composite materials are packed with the nano-sized inflexible particles, nanomaterials are not solitary comprise with bimetallic, metallic and metal oxides. Biopolymers like chitosan and starch have played a major role of stabilizers for the silver nanoparticles [6]. Starch, for occurrence, in aqueous solution adopts right-handed helical conformation; in widespread number of OH groups can assist the metal ions complexation of molecular matrix [7]. Water soluble starch capped nanoparticles have proved the resourceful for non-cytotoxic bactericidal agents and the nanomolar concentrations. Biopolymers are also talented as biocompatible carrier of nanoparticles for the devastation of cancer/tumor cells.
Biopolymers in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Industry
Lively and contemporary covering biomaterials enclose with natural substances were plentifully found in nature [8]. It’s mainly based on polysaccharides, among that, alginates applications are in biomedicine, food sector, packaging, and water purification [9], encapsulation, drug release controlled, tissue engineering, scaffolds in ligaments and dentistry preparation of forms release calcium salt (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Schematic representation of biopolymers for various applications [10].
Conclusion
In summary, biopolymers have found in variety of applications, however its application is limited to the constraint of its usage [10]. By incorporating with various nanofillers, these biopolymers can enhance and improve its mechanical and barrier properties for various applications. Various biopolymers were produced using the bacteria under limiting conditions to store their renewable energy resources. The biocompatibility along with the biodegradability of the materials will encourage the use of these biopolymers in our day-to-day applications. Increasing the awareness towards for the sustainable development has caused various researchers to think about natural and biodegradable polymers on replacing with synthetic polymers for various applications.
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© 2020 Sasikumar Yesudass. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.
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