Taoreed Adegoke Azeez1*, Olawale Ogunlayi S2, Ehizode Emuze M1 and Chinedu Eguzozie E1
1Department of Medicine, Ibadan,Nigeria
2Department of Surgery, Ibadan,Nigeria
*Corresponding author: Taoreed Adegoke Azeez, Department of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria
Submission: November 11, 2020;Published: December 21, 2020
ISSN: 2640-9666Volume4 Issue2
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with multiple microvascular and macrovascular complications. Some of the complications of diabetes such as erectile dysfunction is a result of an interplay of both microvascular and macrovascular complications. Erectile dysfunction is the inability to achieve or sustain erection adequate for satisfactory sexual activity. Erectile dysfunction is relatively common in men with diabetes yet there is paucity of information on erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with diabetes.
Methods: Twelve studies on erectile dysfunction in Nigerian men with diabetes with a total sample size of 1777 fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were recruited into the systematic review. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire was used to assess for erectile dysfunction in all the studies.
Result: The prevalence of erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with diabetes is 48.4-98.0%. The factors significantly associated with the presence of erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with diabetes are longer duration of diabetes, poor glycaemic control, older age, peripheral arterial disease, autonomic neuropathy and obesity.
Conclusion: The prevalence of erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with diabetes is high. A close attention needs to be paid to glycaemic control in these patients so as to reduce the complications.
Keywords: Erectile dysfunction;Diabetes; Nigerian men; Systematic review
Abbreviations: AJOL: African Journals Online; ED: Erectile dysfunction; IIEF: International Index of Erectile Function
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia due to a defect in insulin secretion and/or action [1]. It is a disorder of carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Its prevalence as well as that of its complications is rising rapidly especially in the developing nations such as Nigeria [2,3]. The reported prevalence of diabetes in Nigeria has risen from less than 1% in the 1960 to above 5%, currently [4-9]. This is depicted graphically in Figure 1. The microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes contribute immensely to the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. The macrovascular complications include stroke, myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease while the microvascular complications include neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. Some complications such as erectile dysfunction (ED) involve both macrovascular and microvascular mechanisms [10]. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as a persistent problem characterized by the difficulty in attaining or maintaining erection well enough for satisfactory sexual activity [11]. Different sexual dysfunctions such as reduced libido and ejaculatory dysfunction are noted in men with diabetes, but erectile dysfunction is the most prominent in terms of affectation of quality of life [12]. However, some authors have suggested that ED should not be seen as a mere sexual dysfunction because its presence has been associated with cardiovascular diseases and increased mortality from all causes [13]. In the clinics, many patients usually do not volunteer the information about the presence of erectile dysfunction unless probed by an inquisitive and thorough physician. In studies, however, the presence of erectile dysfunction is often determined by using some validated questionnaires. One of the most documented questionnaires used for documenting the presence of erectile dysfunction is the International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF) [14-17]. The various risk factors associated with erectile dysfunction in various Nigerian studies are shown in Table 1.
Table 1:Risk factors associated with erectile dysfunction in various Nigerian studies.
Figure 1:Rising prevalence of diabetes in Nigeria.
From Table 1, a constant risk factor associated with the presence of ED in the general population in Nigeria is diabetes. This finding has been replicated in other non-Nigerian studies. In fact, in a landmark study termed Massachusetts Male Aging Study, the odds of a diabetic man developing ED is 3 [18]. Moreover, if the risk is adjusted for age, the odds of developing ED by a diabetic man is 2 [18]. Advanced glycation end-products and deleterious reductionoxidation reactions producing cell damaging free radicals are some of the proposed mechanisms by which patients with diabetes develop ED [19]. Moreover, there is impairment of nitric oxide synthesis as well as upregulation of endothelin receptor binding sites. Erection of the penis is brought about by the relaxation of the muscles of the corpora cavernosa and the associated blood vessels, a process mediated by nitric oxide [20]. Nitric oxide is produced by nitric oxide synthase present in the endothelial cells of the cavernosal blood vessels. The relaxation of the cavernosal sinusoids leads to the engorgement of blood within it, eventually causing penile erection [21-25]. The pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes is summarily illustrated in Figure 2. Studies on the prevalence and clinical correlates of erectile dysfunction among men with diabetes are scanty in Nigeria. There is a need to have a systematic review of these local studies so as to provide composite data on the burden of the disease and its associated factors among men with diabetes in Nigeria. These data can be adopted by health care givers and policy makers in tackling the problem of erectile dysfunction among men with type 2 diabetes in Nigeria.
Figure 2:Pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction in diabetes.
The aim is to do a systematic review of relevant studies on
erectile dysfunction among men with diabetes mellitus in Nigeria.
The specific objectives are to:
1. Determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction among
Nigerian men with diabetes.
2. Identify the clinical correlates of erectile dysfunction in men
with diabetes.
Medical data bases were searched for studies on erectile dysfunction in Nigerian men with diabetes. The databases searched were Google Scholar, PubMed, African Journals Online (AJOL), SCOPUS and Web of Science. The terms searched were ‘Erectile dysfunction’, ‘Diabetes’, Nigeria’. Boolean operators such as ‘AND’ as well as ‘OR’ were used as deemed appropriate by the authors. Grey literature was also searched
Inclusion criteria
1. Studies done to determine the prevalence and/or clinical
correlates of erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with
diabetes published between 1990-2020.
2. Studies whose abstracts and or full text were available at the
searched databases or from the grey literature.
Exclusion criteria
1. Studies on erectile dysfunction whose study population is not
Nigerian men.
2. Studies on erectile dysfunction not focused on diabetic men.
3. Studies whose abstracts or main texts were not available for
review.
The databases were searched independently by the authors
and the included studies were deemed appropriate by at least three
out of the four authors.
Relevant data were extracted and presented in texts, tables and
charts.
Twenty-two studies were retrieved and reviewed but only 12 studies satisfied the stipulated criteria and were adjudged by the authors to be relevant to the subject matter. The studies selected were all cross-sectional studies. The total population in the selected studies was 1777. There are 6 geopolitical zones in Nigeria: North-west, North-central, North-east, South-west, Southsouth and South-east geopolitical zones. The distribution of the studies, using geopolitical zones is shown in Table 2. The table clearly shows that most of the studies on ED among diabetic men in Nigeria were carried out in the southern part of the country with a third of the overall studies done in the South-south geopolitical zone. According to a study done by Uloko et al. [9] the prevalence of diabetes in various geopolitical zones in Nigeria is depicted in Table 3. The Figure 3 is a graphical representation comparing the prevalence of diabetes and the number of studies on ED among Nigerian men with diabetes mellitus. There is a positive but nonstatistically significant correlation between prevalence of diabetes and the number of studies on erectile dysfunction among men with diabetes across various geopolitical zones (p=0.2, r=0.609). Based on the selected studies, the prevalence of erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with type 2 diabetes is 48.4-98.0%. The prevalence rate in each study is represented in Table 4. International index of erectile function (IIEF-5) questionnaire was used to assess for erectile dysfunction in all the studies. It is a research tool that has been shown to be of acceptable quality in assessing erectile dysfunction [26]. It has been consistently validated and translated into several languages and has been used in scores of clinical trials [27]. Also, it has a high index of sensitivity and specificity. It is a series of 5 questions about sexual function in the past 4 weeks and each question is graded from 0 to 5 [28-30]. A score of less than 22 out of a possible score of 25 is considered as erectile dysfunction. The sample size in each study is shown in Table 5. Predictors of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes in Nigeria and the various studies in which they were documented are shown in Table 6; [31- 33]. The frequencies of the predictors of erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with diabetes are represented graphically in Figure 4. The frequencies of confounders as reported in some of the studies recruited into the systematic review are documented in the Table 7.
Figure 3:Comparison of the prevalence of diabetes and the number of studies on ED among Nigerian men with diabetes mellitus across the six geopolitical zones.
Figure 4:Frequencies of predictors of erectile dysfunction in Nigerian men with diabetes in various studies.
Table 2:Distribution of the studies on erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with diabetes in various geopolitical zones.
Table 3:Prevalence of diabetes in Nigerian according to the various geopolitical zones.
Table 4:Prevalence of erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with diabetes mellitus in the selected studies.
Table 5:Sample size in each of the selected studies.
Table 6:Predictors of erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with diabetes.
Table 7:Confounders in men with diabetes.
The prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Nigerian men with
diabetes ranges from 48.4% to 98%. This wide range in prevalence
is in keeping with a prevalence rate of 27-75% documented by
Bacon and Nisahan [34,35] have also documented a prevalence rate
of ED among men with diabetes to range from 35% to 90% which is
comparable to the present study. The wide range in the prevalence
may be due to differences in demographic characteristics as well
as the methods and study designs adopted in each study. The
prevalence in this systematic review is also in agreement with
a prevalence of 71.5% in a systematic review and meta-analysis
of studies done in various African countries on the prevalence of
erectile dysfunction among men with diabetes mellitus [10]. Oyelade
et al. [14] attributed the high prevalence of erectile dysfunction
among men with diabetes to the presence of vascular disease
and autonomic neuropathy often reported among these patients.
These parameters were also found to be recurrent factors among
Nigerian men with diabetes in various studies selected for this
systematic review. In addition to microvascular and macrovascular
complications that can explain the high prevalence of ED among
men with diabetes, Hurisa et al. [36] in a study done in Ethiopia, a
developing country like Nigeria, a high prevalence of co-morbidities
such as hypertension is also a plausible explanation. This systematic
review also showed a high prevalence of co-morbidities among
men with diabetes. For example, hypertension was present in 59.1-
76.0 of men in Nigeria with diabetes [25,26,31,32]. This may partly
account for the high prevalence of ED in this cohort of patients.
The predictors of erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with
diabetes include longer duration of diabetes, poor glycaemic control,
older age, peripheral arterial disease, autonomic neuropathy and
obesity. The association between erectile dysfunction and duration
of diabetes has also been demonstrated by other authors. In a
multicentric study involving 1312 Korean men who were being
managed for diabetes, Cho et al., also demonstrated a significant
association between the occurrence of erectile dysfunction among
diabetic men and the duration of the diabetes [37]. Furthermore,
in a prospective study conducted in a tertiary health facility in
Shaanxi Province, China, a group of researchers reported that
the longer the duration of diabetes, the higher the prevalence of
erectile dysfunction among the subjects [38]. This occurs as a result
of the neuropathic and angiopathic mechanisms underlying erectile
dysfunction having enough time to develop and manifest clinically
[32]. Poor glycaemic profiles, both short term and especially
long-term control, have been shown to positively correlate with
the prevalence of erectile dysfunction among men with diabetes,
as shown in this systematic review. In another systematic
review involving 5 cross-sectional studies and 3299 patients,
Binmoammar et al. [39], reported a significant association between
poor glycaemic control and prevalence of erectile dysfunction in
men with diabetes. In a cross-sectional descriptive study involving
217 men in Northern Pakistan, prevalence of erectile dysfunction
was shown to be higher with poor glycaemic control [40]. Poor
glycaemic control is associated with microvascular complications
especially neuropathy which is reported to be a major underlying
pathogenetic factor for erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes
[32]. As similarly reported in this systematic review, several
population studies have also reported a high prevalence of ED in
the older population. Pallangyo [41] independently demonstrated
in community studies in Nigeria and Tanzania respectively a
higher prevalence of ED with advancing age [42]. Increasing
age is associated with rising prevalence of disorders such as
hypertension and decreased general physiological reserve thereby
mediating the reportedly higher prevalence of ED in the older men.
Peripheral arterial disease has also been found to be significantly
associated with erectile dysfunction. In a study involving 690 men,
Polonsky et al. [43] demonstrated a significant association between
peripheral arterial disease and erectile dysfunction. Diabetes is a
common pathological intermediate in the development of both
erectile dysfunction and peripheral arterial disease. Microvascular
complications mediate the autonomic neuropathy responsible for
erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus. Obesity has also
been demonstrated to be independently associated with erectile
dysfunction in patients with diabetes [32].
There is scanty literature on erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with diabetes mellitus hence the need to have a systematic review to provide composite information on the topic. The few studies on erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with diabetes were done across different geopolitical zones but more studies were done in Southern Nigeria. Therefore, there is a need to conduct more studies across all zones and more especially in the Northern part of the country. The prevalence of erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with diabetes is 48.4-98.0%. The wide range reflects differences in demographics and research designs. The main predictors of erectile dysfunction among Nigerian men with diabetes are longer duration of diabetes, poor glycaemic control, older age, peripheral arterial disease, autonomic neuropathy and obesity.
1. Most of the studies were hospital-based studies so the
application to the general community may require slight
caution.
2. The number of studies that met the eligibility criteria was
rather scanty.
© 2020 Taoreed Adegoke Azeez. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.