Microorganisms Capable of Bioremediation

Petroleum refinery effluents were produced from the crude oil, fuel processing and industries [1]. Also industrial, hospital and domestic effluents can easily create contaminated soil. These effluents are an important cause of contamination in the natural ecosystem, especially are a huge threat for environment. Petroleum oils have ingredients which are toxic to plants, animals, human health [2]. Bioremediation is a biological mechanism that utilizes the metabolic potential of microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments [3]. It is a microbiological process which converts contaminates to nontoxic or less toxic elemental and compound forms. Meanwhile It is used hydrocarbons as energy and food sources for reproduction and growth. During biodegradation, the hydrocarbons are mineralized to carbon dioxide and water. However, this process does not always consist because of the difference of efficient factors of biodegradation [3]. Bioremediation and biodegradation are close terms [4]. Microorganisms can be effective for bioremediation processes to eliminate and modify pollutants [5] microorganisms have a significant role for pollutant removal tools in soil, water and sediments [4]. Natural microbes and cultivated in the laboratory, both of them can be used in bioremediation process. These microorganisms are bacteria, yeasts, molds, fungi, algae and some plants. Many bacterial species have the ability to degrade oil [2]. Thanks to its high efficiency, cheapness, microorganism-originated bioremediation is counted as a promising and inventive method to reduce contamination [6].

Microorganisms have an essential role in human health and are also important for ecological balance [6]. Bioremediation is comprised of degrading, removing, altering, immobilizing, or detoxifying wastes from the environment with the help of the bacteria, fungi. Many microbial genera have been known to be counted in bioremediation, including Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Mucor, Penicillium, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Talaromyces and Trichoderma [7]. Chemical contaminants can be used by microorganims as an energy source via their metabolic process [8]. Table 1 shows us the strains of some species that are commonly used for bioremediation resolutions.

Table 1:Diversity of microorganisms.

This paper reviews species of microbes and their targets for bioremediation. The earth’s biggest problem is pollution and it is getting worse each day. Bioremediation through microbes is a potent solution to clean up pollution. The research shows us bioremediation provides the achievement of clean water. In previous works isolated strains have been shown to play an important role in bioremediation by degrading heavy metals, petroleum oil, chemicals. The major problem these days is pollution and the best solution is bioremediation by microbes can be the best solution.

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