Physiological and Morphological Traits of Agronomic Crops Influenced By Climate Change

Climate refers to the average weather conditions in a place over many years (usually at least 30 years, to account for the range of natural variations from one year to the next). For example, the climate in Swat Pakistan (Especially upper swat) is cold and snowy in the winter, while Peshawar Pakistan climate is hot and humid. The climate in one area, like the Swat or Peshawar, is called a regional climate. The regional climates have great importance in respect of agricultural productivity, food security, and livelihood. Recent studies have showed that plants and crop responded positively to reginal climate and showed ameliorating effect in term of grain yield, plant height, thousand grain weight, dry matter portioning, biological yield, oil yield, and quality of the crops [1-13].

A significant change in the Earth’s climate is occurring slowly and gradually and influencing life on the planet earth. Climate can be defined as “expected weather”. When changes in the expected weather occur, known as climate changes. They can be defined by the differences between average weather conditions at two separate times. Climate may change in different ways, over different time scales and at different geographical scales. In recent times, scientists have become interested in global warming, due to mankind’s impact on the climate system, through the enhancement of the natural greenhouse effect. The Earth is currently getting warmer because people are adding heat-trapping greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The term “global warming” refers to warmer temperatures, while “climate change” refers to the broader set of changes that go along with warmer temperatures, including changes in weather patterns, the oceans, ice and snow, and ecosystems around the world [1].

The average climate around the world is called global climate. When scientists talk about global climate change, they’re talking a pattern of changes happening around the world over many years. One of the most important trends that scientists look for it is the average temperature of the Earth, which has been increasing for many years. The increase in temperature adversely affected all sectors of life but the most vulnerable is agriculture. Water shortage is enhancing day by day due to climate change at arid and semi-arid region which leads to demolish crop production practices.

The global warming caused by climate change is likely to affect crops throughout the life cycle due to increased temperature, moisture stress, heat waves, the possible emergence of new major insect-pests and disease [2, 11-14]. It has been reported that mungbean has high nutritive value, and due to this, has advantage over the other pulses known as king of the pulse crop. The seed contains 24.20% protein content, 1.30% fat, and 60.4% carbohydrates; calcium (Ca) is 118 and phosphorus (P) is 340mg per 100g of seed but due to increase in temperature the quality and production potential of the crop going to decline. The quality of crops were examined by and [1,2,15].

They have been reported that pulses are known as poor man’s meat and cheap source of vegetable protein containing 20-25% protein. Its production is very low in many regions due to miss management of the inputs. Therefore, if farmers implement more number of tillage practices as compared to conventional, so the nutrients demand will be fulfilled by the leached and adsorbed nutrients, away from root zone by pulverizing the soil, whereas the productivity of the soil will also increase with soft soil, promote root density, and will result in more number of nodules having more nitrogen fixation and will ultimately reduce the impact of changing climate [2].

Response of germination to changed climate

Crop seeds germinate in a particular range of temperature. Increase in soil temperature by global warming will adversely affect germination and therefore crop stand will be affected respectively. For example, groundnut which is a major crop of KP has an optimum temperature of 25-30 °C for germination. Increase in temperature beyond this range during the sowing time will adversely affect crop germination. [2,11-14]. They have reported that Canola cultivars positively responded in optimum temperature range to sulphur fertilization in term of seed yield and oil quality. [2,11-14] concluded that Oscar cultivar increased seed yield 53% as compared to control plots when there were no fluctuation in temperature.

Sulphur at the rate of 45kg ha–1 increased seed yield, biological yield, and quality of rapeseed. Imran I [1,2] revealed that in optimum temperature number of days to flowering (76), number of pods plant^–1 372), number of seeds pod^–1 (24), plant height (173cm), biological yield (15547kg ha^–1), seed yield (2209kg ha^–1), index (19%), glucosinolate (μ mol g^–1) content (31.03μ mol g^–1) and oil content (45.81%) was significantly with sulphur treated@45kg ha^–1 applied plots as compared to delayed flowering (78 days), shortest (151cm), pods formation (298 pods), seed pod^–1 (21), biological yield (11090kg ha^–1), seed yield (1436kg ha^–1), and oil content (42.62%) in control plots. Among cultivars “Oscar” ranked first in growth stages and attain more plant height (164cm), and examined substantial number of pods plant^–1 (359), seeds pod^–1 (24), seed yield (2005kg ha^–1), biological yield (14298kg ha^–1), harvest index 17%, and oil content 46.29%) as compared to other sowed cultivars. On the basis of the result it is recommended that cultivar “Oscar” treated with sulphur@45kg ha^–1 should be applied for higher yield and quality of rapeseed under agro-climatic condition of swat valley.

Response of changed climate towards growth and development

Temperature higher than the optimum range adversely affects growth and development of plants due to harmful effects on plant metabolic activities. The rate of photosynthesis may get more sluggish as the temperature increases due to closure of stomata. Besides, higher temperature enhances the rate of evapotranspiration causing moisture stress in plants under rain-fed situations. Also at higher temperature the dry matter accumulation becomes less. Shoot cutting duration after date of sowing (ADS), (no cutting, 30 days ADS, 40 days ADS, 50 days ADS and 60 days ADS) were used in the experiment with the test cultivar Dunkled.

From the results it is observed that rapeseed cultivar positively responded for days to flowering, days to maturity, number of branches plant-1, H.I %, number of seeds pod^-1, seed weight (g), biological yield (kg ha^-1), seed yield (kg ha^-1) and oil yield (kg ha^-1) to biochar levels maximum seeds pod^-1 (23 seeds), thousand seed weight (3.59g), biological yield (10310kg ha^-1), seed yield 1169kg ha^-1) and oil yield (600kg ha^-1) was observed in plot treated with 10 ton biochar ha^-1. Whereas minimum seeds pod^-1 (15 seeds), thousand seed weight (2.41g), biological yield (6725kg ha^-1), seed yield (923 kg ha^-1) and oil yield (401kg ha^-1) was recorded in control plot. Similarly highest seeds pod^-1(22), thousand seed weight (3.3g), seed yield (1099kg ha^-1) was noted in no shoot cutting plot followed by shoot cutting after 60 days of sowing ADS plots while promising biological yield (9025kg ha^-1), and oil yield (568kg ha- 1) was recorded in shoot cutting after 50 days ADS and after 60 days ADS of sowing. On the basis of the result it was concluded that shoot cutting with 10 ton biochar ha^-1 produced highest seed and oil yield with green chop and recommended for higher seed, oil and biological yield in the agro- climatic condition of swat valley.

Response towards plant reproduction

Higher temperature has harmful effects on flowering, pollination, fruit setting, and maturation. Higher temperatures may increase flower and fruit dropping in some crops, and cause stigma and pollens to dry [1,2,5,7-10,11,13,14,16,17]. The anthelmintic activity was very significant against the tested earthworms. Leaf extracts of Iphionagrantioides and P. Arguta at dose of 100/ml caused death of the worms in 3.33±0.57 and 2.16±0.28 minutes, respectively, which is similar to the effect produced by commercial anthelmintic drug, Piperazine Citrate.

Indicated that both the plants have significant antilice potential by showing 100% lice mortality in case of Iphionagrantioides leaf followed by its flower (96.67%) and of Pluchea arguta by causing 93.33 % lice mortality. Iphionagrantioides showed excellent insecticidal (90%) activity against Callosobruchusanalis, Rhyzoperthadominica, Sitophilusoryzae and Triboliumcasteneum. Plucheaarguta leaf exhibited significant activity against all the tested insect species. The results also depicted excellent effect of both the plants by inhibiting growth of Lemna minor. Plant extracts of the plants displayed significant cytotoxicity against brine shrimps. The LD 50 values for all the crude extracts of Iphiona grantioides and Pluchea arguta sub sp. glabra were found to be 34.65, 242.83, 6.21, 29.92ug/ml and 0.02, 0.03 and 84.66ug/ml respectively. The present studies showed that ethanolic extracts of Iphionagrantioides and Pluchea argura sub sp. Glabra revealed significant potential regarding anthelmintic, antilice, insecticidal cytotoxic and phytotoxic activity and these plants could be exploited for herbal drugs exploration for the health care of mankind.

Response towards crop duration

The increase in temperature will speed the maturity, so cutting the total duration of the crop. It will result in lower dry matter accumulation and lower yield. The effect of nitrogen on days to flowering was significant. With increase in nitrogen level significant delayed were noted in days to flowering. Plots treated with different decapitation stresses delay days to flowering as compared to plots. The interaction between nitrogen levels and decapitation stress on days to flowering were also found significant with 100 kg nitrogen level and 5cm decapitation stress shows maximum (111) days to flowering. This might be due to maximum nitrogen enhances vegetative growth and delayed reproductive phase. This statement are supported by Ahmadi & Bahrani who’s reported the effect of nitrogen levels and concluded that highest N level enhanced plant height, number of branches plant-1and maximum days to flowering.

Response towards crop yield and productivity or total biomass

Lower plant stand due to poor germination, low dry matter accumulation, adverse effects on flowering and fruiting, reduced crop duration caused by an increase in temperature will ultimately reduce the crop yield. Still, in case of C3 plants the enhanced level of CO2 may result in higher rate of photosynthesis and increase yield. But such effects of CO2 fertilization may get negated due to higher temperature and moisture stress caused by climate change [1,2,5,7,8,10,11,14,16,18] examined that regional climate is very important for an ideal crop growth and production. (Table 1 & 2) shows five different crop average yield grown and different elevation and topography with different rainfall pattern and temperature [19-52]. Differences in the average temperature of a locality have significant effect on crop growth, yield and productivity.

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