Abstract

Motor function deficits, such as muscle weakness and poor coordination, are common symptoms resulting from stroke. Neuromodulation interventions, including transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), have been explored for treating these deficits and show promise in addressing upper limb impairments post-stroke. tES uses low-intensity electrical currents to modulate brain activity. Despite its potential, the efficacy of tES is highly influenced by electrode montage placement. Recent studies suggest that the conventionally used 10-20 EEG system for electrode positioning may not be optimal for targeting the M1 hand muscles. Advances in imaging and neuronavigation tools, as well as innovations in electrode technology such as High-Definition (HD) montages, have the potential to improve the precision and effectiveness of tES. These developments highlight the importance of optimizing the montage setup to enhance the efficacy of motor recovery interventions in stroke patients.

Keywords:Neuromodulation; tES; tDCS; tACS; M1; Motor recovery