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Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies

Review and Prospect of Combination of Various Technologies and Electrokinetic Remediation

Zhaobo W and Dajun R*

College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, China

*Corresponding author: Dajun R, College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

Submission: December 6, 2019Published: October 16, 2020

DOI: 10.31031/EAES.2020.07.000661

ISSN 2578-0336
Volume7 Issue3

Abstract

Soil electrokinetic remediation (EKR) is an attractive technology [1,2], due to the optimistic experimental results of extensive laboratory even pilot-scale [3]. This method is designed to remove contaminants from low permeability soils under the effect of applied current. However, this method possesses several drawbacks, for example, the EKR will cause soil acidification, but the EKR process requires an acidic condition during the application, which will promote the release of the heavy metal. Unfortunately, the condition of soil acidification is unacceptable. Furthermore, electrode configuration possesses inefficient electrical area, the EKR process is a very time-consuming application and high energy consumption etc. Obviously, the single EKR technology cannot achieve the best results, but combining electrokinetic with other remediation methods, promises to obtain more efficient removal of pollutant, less time and lower energy consumption. The authors objectively review the various technologies that can be combined with EKR based on these published studies in the last decade and aim to provide massive references to relative researchers.

Principles

Acar, Gale, et al. [4] described the principles of electrokinetic remediation, direct electric current was applied to electrodes immersed in water, results in oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. This is the original EKR, also termed unenhanced electrokinetic remediation. Electric fields are applied to soil to migrate the charged ions via electrodes placed into the ground, negative ions move to anode, and positive ions (such as heavy metal ion) are attracted to cathode. It has been confirmed that the initiates movement of contaminants by electromigration, electro osmosis, electrolysis and diffusion [5], and non-ionic species are transported along with the electroosmotic flow [6]. The key electron transfer reactions that occur at electrodes during the EKR process is the electrolysis of water:

Application of Combined Technology

According to the experiments and pilot-scale studies conducted in the last 10 years, metals such as cadmium [7], chromium [8-19], copper [20-28], lead [29-35], manganese [36,37], mercury [38,39], nickel [40], uranium [41], and zinc [42], as well as dye [43,44], hydrocarbon[45-54], organochlorines [55-59], polychlorinated biphenyls [60,61], phenols [62,63], chlorophenols [64], are suitable for electrokinetic remediation and recovery. The author divides those technologies combined with EKR into physical technology, biotechnology and chemical technology, provides the application of these combination-technologies in soil remediation and evaluates these technologies. The most commonly used of these techniques are physical techniques, such as activated bamboo charcoal [65,66], electrode matrix-rotational operation mode [67], flushing [30,68-71], hexagonal two dimensional [72-74], ion exchange membranes [75], permeable reaction barrier (e.g. activated charcoal [28,76], Fe(0) [77,78]), pulsed variable electric field [26,79-81], sequential extraction analysis [82], ultrasonically [83], upward [84], washing [85] and several methods about electrode configuration [11,86, 87]. As for chemical technology, some enhancement methods such as acid enhanced [88], ammonia enhanced [21,66], iodide-enhanced [89] and enhanced solution (e.g. complexing agent [86], chelate agents [90-93], cosolvent [94], surfactants [51,52,95-97]) are also more commonly used, in addition, there are some other interesting methods such as chemical oxidation [98-101] and zero-valent iron [102]. There are few examples of biotechnology applications, but it is a very promising research direction, including bioleaching [103], bio stimulation [104,105], microbial pretreatment [106], phytoremediation [107], sulfur-oxidizing bacteria [108]. In addition, in order to solve the energy problem, microbial fuel cell [109] and solar cell [19,27,110-114] are also used in combination with EKR technology for soil remediation.

Opportunities and Prospect

EKR is very powerful for inducing controlled changes in soil, however, no single EKR technology that can achieve the best results but mixing electrokinetic with other technology promises to be the most effective method so far. Over the past decade, two potential applications caught our attention. The first is the hexagonal two-dimensional electrode, which can effectively minimize the inefficient electrical area. The second is the pulsed variable electric field, which can effectively minimize energy consumption. In addition, an interesting idea targets mobile contamination plumes by development of permeable reaction barrier (PRB). Throughout the past several decades, the development of EKR was rapidly, therefore, it is also important to review the studies and findings so as to estimate the prospect for future researches. Extensive literatures are reviewed and some of the thoughts on future development directions of EKR combination-technology are proposed in this invited paper. This paper aim to provide massive references to relative researchers, and hope to become a useful document recording.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 41571306), Excellent Youth Foundation of Hubei Scientific Committee (Grant No 2018CFA067) and Foundation of Hubei Educational Committee Educational Commission of Hubei Province of China (Grant No D20181101).

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Editor In Chief

Hirotada TSUJII

Ph.D in Agriculture from Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University

Approaches in Poultry, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences

Maria Kuman

Research Professor, PhD, Holistic Research Institute

Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine

Tomasz Karski

MD PhD, Professor, Vincent Pol University

Orthopedic Research Online Journal

Jiexiong Feng

Professor, Chief Doctor, Director of Department of Pediatric Surgery, Associate Director of Department of Surgery, Doctoral Supervisor Tongji hospital, Tongji medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Research in Pediatrics & Neonatology

Muhammad Atiqullah

Senior Research Engineer and Professor, Center for Refining and Petrochemicals, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Research & Development in Material Science

Ian James Martins

Fellow of International Agency for Standards and Ratings (IASR), Edith Cowan University, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute

Advancements in Case Studies

Thomas F George

Chancellor Emeritus / Professor Emeritus of Chemistry and Physics, University of Missouri–St. Louis

Annals of Chemical Science Research

Jose Crisologo de Sales Silva

Ph.D in Science from the Federal University of Alagoas, UFAL, Brazil

Novel Research in Sciences

Naglaa Sami Adbel Aziz Mahmoud

Assistant Professor in College of Architecture, Art and Design

Academic Journal of Engineering Studies

Tong-Ching Tom Wu

Interim Dean, College of Education and Health Sciences, Director of Biomechanics Laboratory, Sport Science Innovation Program, Bridgewater State University

Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine

Dr. Jose Luis Turabian

Professor of numerous training courses in Family Medicine

Associative Journal of Health Sciences

Dariusz Jacek Jakóbczak

Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Computer Science

COJ Electronics & Communications

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