Physicochemical, Thermal and Spectroscopic characterization of the Energy of Consciousness Healing Treated Copper Chloride

Copper is considered as the essential trace mineral as it is the important component for the enzyme systems involved in red and white blood cell formation, iron transport and metabolism, and immune function. It acts as a cofactor for serum ceruloplasmin, which is vital for proper formation of the iron carrier protein, transferring [1]. The copper is also given during TPN that helps in preventing the deficiency symptoms such as, anemia, leukopenia, decreased ceruloplasmin levels, neutropenia, secondary iron deficiency, impaired transferrin formation, and osteoporosis [2]. It is also needed in the body regarding the function of several proteins, such as, ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase, cytochrome c oxidase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, lysyl oxidase, and tyrosinase. Moreover, it helps the body to use the iron and sugar and plays important role in nerve function and bone growth [3]. The body also required it for the normal growth and health [4]. Copper can be combined easily with other metals to make alloys. The first alloy produced was copper melted with tin to form bronze. Copper and copper alloys are tough and suitable to use for tools and weapons [5]. Copper is non-magnetic and non-sparking. Due to this properties, it is used in special tools and military applications [6,7]. The natural sources of copper include seafood, organ meats (mainly liver), beans, whole-grains, and nuts. However, its quantity may be decreased if the foods are high in their acid content or if they were stored in tin cans for a long time. In past decades, several studies gave the concept that the copper deficiency may contribute to the development and progression of various diseases such as, cardiovascular disease and diabetes [8,9]. Also, the systemic copper deficiency is responsible for producing the cellular iron deficiency that resulted in the reduced intellectual capacity, decreased work capacity, diminished immune response, reduced growth, and altered bone mineralization process [10]. Copper deficiency may cause the structural malformations in the child during early pregnancy and may also create the immunological and neurological abnormalities in the fetus [11,12]. Besides, there are some conditions that may increase the need of copper within the body, such as, intestine disease, burns, pancreas disease, diarrhoea, kidney disease, stress, and stomach removal, etc. Thus, the copper supplements are necessary for those persons who are unable to get the required quantity through their regular diet or those having some specific conditions [13]. Copper Chloride is indicated as a copper supplement, which helps in maintaining its level and preventing the depletion of endogenous stores and thereby the resulted deficiency symptoms. In recent days, the Biofield Energy Treatment has been considered as an effective approach for altering the absorption and bioavailability as well as stability profile of any compound.

The use of complementary therapies such as Biofield Energy Healing has been widespread in US, UK, and other countries and their significant clinical outcomes have been increased every year [14,15]. However, mainstream medicines have been found to be inconclusive and not able to show the significant outcomes [16-18]. Biofield Energy exists in various forms that can be produced from various sources like potential, electrical, kinetic, magnetic, and nuclear energy. The Biofield Energy is infinite, para-dimensional, and dynamic electromagnetic field surrounding the human body that produce the continuous movement of matter or energy [19]. Thus, a human has the ability to harness energy from the earth and transmit it to any living or non-living object(s) around the globe [20]. The National Center of Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) has been recognized and accepted Biofield Energy Healing as CAM health care approach in addition to other therapies, medicines and practices such as natural products, deep breathing, yoga, Tai Chi, Qi Gong, chiropractic/osteopathic manipulation, meditation, massage, special diets, homeopathy, progressive relaxation, guided imagery, acupressure, acupuncture, relaxation techniques, hypnotherapy, healing touch, movement therapy, Pilates, Rolfing structural integration, mindfulness, Ayurvedic medicine, traditional Chinese herbs and medicines, naturopathy, essential oils, aromatherapy, Reiki, cranial sacral therapy and applied prayer (as is common in all religions, like Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism) [21]. The Trivedi Effect®- Biofield Energy Consciousness Healing Treatment has astonishingly ability to transform the characteristic properties of several organic compounds [22-25], pharmaceuticals [26,27], nutraceuticals [28], metals and ceramic [29,30], culture medium [31,32] and improve the overall productivity of agricultural crops [33,34], skin health [35,36], modulation in the efficacy of various living cells [37- 39], and alteration of the isotopic abundance ratio in the organic compounds [40-43]. Thus, this study was designed to analyses the impact of Biofield Energy Treatment (The Trivedi Effect®) on the physicochemical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of copper chloride by using various analytical techniques such as, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), UV-visible, and FT-IR spectroscopy.

Chemicals and reagents

Copper (II) chloride or cupric chloride was purchased from VETEC, Sigma-Aldrich, India. All other chemicals used during the experiments were of analytical grade available in India.

Consciousness energy healing treatment strategies

The test compound i.e., copper chloride was taken and divided into two parts. In this, one part did not receive the Biofield Energy Treatment and named as control copper chloride. Besides, the other part of the test compound received the Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment by the renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi (USA), and it was considered as the Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride. In this process, the sample was placed under the standard laboratory conditions and the Healer provided the Trivedi Effect^®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment to the sample, remotely, for 3 minutes through the Unique Energy Transmission process. Consequently, the control sample was subjected to “sham” healer under the similar laboratory conditions, who did not have any knowledge about the Biofield Energy Treatment. Later on, the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples were kept in similar sealed conditions and characterized with the help of PSA, PXRD, TGA/DTG, DSC, UV-Vis, and FTIR techniques.

Characterization

Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis: The PXRD analysis of control and Biofield Energy Treated samples of copper chloride was done using PANalytical X’Pert3 powder X-ray diffractometer, UK. The copper line was used as the source of radiation for diffraction of the analyte at 0.154nm X-ray wavelength that is running at 40mA current and 45kV voltage. The instrument uses a scanning rate of 18.87°/second over a 2θ range of 3-90° and the ratio of Kα-2 and Kα-1 was 0.5 (k, equipment constant). The data was collected using X’Pert data collector and X’Pert high score plus processing software in the form of a chart of the Bragg angle (2θ) vs. intensity (counts per second), and a detailed table containing information on peak intensity counts, d value (Å), full width half maximum (FWHM) (°2θ), relative intensity (%), and area (cts*°2θ). The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using the Scherrer equation (1) as follows:

Where, k is the equipment constant (0.5), λ is the X-ray wavelength (0.154nm); b in radians is the full-width at half of the peaks and θ is the corresponding Bragg angle. Percent change in crystallite size (G) of copper chloride was calculated using following equation 2:

Where, G_Control and G_Treated are the crystallite size of the control and Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride samples, respectively

Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG): TGA/DTG thermograms of control and Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride samples were obtained using TGA Q500 thermo analyzer apparatus, USA under dynamic nitrogen atmosphere (50mL/min). It involves the heating rate of 10 ºC/min from 25 °C to 800 °C and uses platinum crucible [41]. In TGA analysis, the weight loss in gram as well as percent loss for each step was recorded with respect to the initial weight of the sample. Later on, in DTG analysis, the onset, end set, peak temperature and integral area for each peak was recorded. The percent change in weight loss (W) was calculated using following equation 3:

Where, W_Control and W_Treated are the weight loss of the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.

Also, the percent change in maximum thermal degradation temperature (Tmax) (M) was calculated using following equation 4:

Where, M_Control and M_Treated are the Tmax values of the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): The DSC analysis of the samples was performed using DSC Q2000 differential scanning calorimeter, USA under the dynamic nitrogen atmosphere with flow rate of 50mL/min. For analysis, 2-4mg sample was weighed and sealed in Aluminum pans. Further, it was equilibrated at 30 °C and heated up to 450 ºC at the heating rate of 10 ºC/min under Nitrogen gas as purge atmosphere [44]. The value for onset, end set, peak temperature, peak height (mJ or mW), peak area, and change in heat (J/g) for each peak was recorded. Later on, the percent change in melting temperature (T) of the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples was calculated using following equation 5:

Where, T_Control and T_Treated are the melting temperature of the control and Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride samples, respectively. Also, the percent change in the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was calculated using following equation 6:

Where, ΔH_Control and ΔH_Treated are the latent heat of fusion of the control and treated copper chloride, respectively.

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis: The UV-Vis spectral analysis of the control and Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride samples was carried out using Shimadzu UV-2400PC SERIES with UV Probe (Shimadzu, JAPAN). The spectrum was recorded in the wavelength range of 190-800nm using 1cm quartz cell having a slit width of 0.5nm. The absorbance spectra (in the range of 0.2 to 0.9) and wavelength of maximum absorbance (λ_max) were recorded.

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy: FT-IR spectroscopy of copper chloride was performed on Spectrum ES Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, USA) by using pressed KBr disk technique with the frequency array of 400-4000cm^-1. The technique uses ~2mg of control sample and about 300mg of KBr as the diluent to form the pressed disk followed by running the sample in the spectrometer. The same procedure was used for the Biofield Energy Treated sample.

Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) analysis

The PXRD diffractograms of control and Biofield Energy Treated samples of copper chloride are presented in (Figure 1). The diffractograms showed very sharp and intense peaks which depict that both the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples are crystalline in nature. Additionally, the PXRD data was collected from the diffractograms such as Bragg angle (2θ), relative peak intensity (%), FWHM, and were used for analyzing the crystallite size (G) of both the control and Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride, as mentioned in (Table 1). The Scherer equation [45] was used for the calculation of crystallite sizes across various planes. The PXRD diffractogram of the Control and Biofield Energy Treated samples showed highest peak intensity (100%) at Bragg’s angle (2θ) equal to 16.2° (Table 1). The relative intensities of the PXRD peaks at 2θ equal to 26.6°, 28.8°, 32.7°, 34.0°, 35.4°, 38.0°, 40.8°, 50.0°, 54.4°, 57.4°, and 68.6° (Table 1, entry 4-10, and 13-16) in the Biofield Energy Treated sample were significantly increased in the range from 2.24% to 153.49% compared to the control sample. It was presumed that the molecules of neighboring plane got oriented in these planes after the Biofield Energy Treatment. Consequently, the relative intensities of the PXRD peaks at 2θ equal to 21.9°, 23.7°, 44.8°, and 49.1° (Table 1, entry 3, 6, and 9-11) in the Biofield Energy Treated sample were significantly decreased in the range from 3.70% to 27.67% compared to the control sample, which also supports the above mentioned phenomenon, i.e., the molecules of these planes got oriented towards the other planes, thereby decreased intensity. Besides, the data also revealed that the crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated samples of copper chloride at 2θ equal to nearly 23.7°, 32.7°, 54.4°, and 68.6° (Table 1, entry 3, 6, 14, and 16) were significantly decreased from 0.126% to 30.03% with respect to the control sample. However, the crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated sample at other Bragg’s angle (Table 1, entry 1, 2, 4, 5, 7-13, and 15) showed slight alteration or remained unaltered as compared to the control sample. Also, the average crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was decreased by 4.49% in comparison to the control sample. It is presumed that the Biofield Energy Treatment might produce some lattice strain within the molecular geometry, thereby causing the fracturing of grains into sub-grains and thus, decreased crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride sample.

Figure 1:XRD diffractograms of the control and biofield energy treated copper chloride.

Table 1:PXRD data for the control and biofield energy treated copper chloride. ^adenotes the percentage change in the relative intensity of biofield energy treated sample with respect to the control sample; ^bdenotes the percentage change in the crystallite size of biofield energy treated sample with respect to the control sample.

The significant alterations in the crystallite size and relative intensities of the Biofield Energy Treated sample indicated the modification in the crystal morphology as compared to the control sample. Some studies reported that such alteration in the crystal morphology due to changes in the relative intensities and crystallite size might indicate the presence of different polymorphs of the compounds [46]. Hence, the Biofield Energy Treatment probably introduced a new polymorphic form of the copper chloride with the help of energy transfer process [47]. Besides, any alteration in the crystal morphology might impact the dissolution and bioavailability profile of pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compound [48,49]. Thus, the Biofield Energy Treatment might improve the bioavailability profile of copper chloride.

Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) / Differential Thermogravimetric analysis (DTG)

The TGA/DTG analysis is used to determine the thermal stability of the samples with the help of the thermograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride (Figures 2 & 3). Also, the TGA and DTG data for the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples are mentioned in (Table 2). Some previous studies reported the thermal degradation of copper chloride dihydrate salt in various steps, as the compound loses its two water molecules in two steps in the temperature range of 66 to 132 °C at 10 °C/min heating rate under a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere [50]. The TGA thermograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride also revealed three steps of thermal degradation (Figure 2). The analysis showed that in the 1^st and 3^rd step of degradation, the percentage weight loss was slightly increased by 0.33% and 3.64% in the Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride, respectively; while it was significantly reduced by 17.79% in the 2^nd step of degradation, as compared to the control sample (Table 2). Moreover, the overall weight loss after thermal degradation in the Biofield Energy Treated sample was increased by 1.45%, compared with the control sample. It revealed that there is significant alteration in the thermal stability of the Biofield Energy Treated sample as compared to the control sample. Besides, the DTG thermograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples (Figure 3) exhibited three peaks. The Tmax values in the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd peaks of the Biofield Energy Treated sample were increased by 6.92%, 1.32%, and 1.77%, respectively, compared with the control sample (Table 2). Overall, TGA/DTG revealed that the maximum thermal degradation temperature of the Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride was significantly improved along with notable alteration in the thermal stability, compared to the control sample.

Table 2:Thermal degradation steps of the control and biofield energy treated copper. T_max: Maximum thermal degradation temperature, *denotes the percentage change in the weight loss of biofield energy treated sample with respect to the control sample.

Figure 2: TGA thermograms of the control and biofield energy treated copper chloride.

Figure 3: DTG thermograms of the control and biofield energy treated copper chloride.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis

The DSC thermograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples of copper chloride are shown in (Figure 4) and analysis is presented in (Table 3). The DSC thermograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples of copper chloride (Figure 4) exhibited broad endothermic and sharp exothermic peaks. The DSC curve of the control sample showed a broad endothermic peak at 131.73 °C which showed the melting point of copper (II) chloride dihydrate [50]. Similarly, the Biofield Energy treated sample showed the melting point at 130.01 °C, which was slightly decreased by 1.31% compared as the control sample (Table 3). However, the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) of the Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride was significantly reduced by 3.78% compared to the control sample. It showed that the Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride needed less energy in the form of ΔH to undergo the whole process of melting after the Biofield Energy Treatment. Some scientific studies reported the decomposition of copper (II) chloride dihydrate above 300 °C along with the release of chlorine gas [51]. In this study, the control sample showed a sharp exothermic peak at 358.72 °C, whereas the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed this peak at 391.44 °C, which were attributed to the decomposition of the copper (II) chloride dihydrate. The decomposition temperature of the Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride was significantly increased by 9.12% with a significant reduction of the enthalpy of decomposition by 43.45% compared with the control sample. The DSC results suggested that the thermal stability of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was significantly improved compared with the control sample (Table 2). Previously, our group reported the alteration in the melting point and latent heat of fusion in lead and tin powder after the Biofield Energy Treatment [27]. Thus, it is possible that the Biofield Energy Treatment might alter the potential and kinetic energy of the copper chloride molecules that possibly resulted in the alteration of ΔH and melting/decomposition temperature in the Biofield Energy Treated sample, as compared to the control sample.

Figure 4: DSC thermograms of the control and biofield energy treated copper chloride.

Table 3:Comparison of DSC data between the control and biofield energy treated copper chloride.

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis

The UV-visible spectra of both, the control and Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride samples are presented in (Figure 5). The UV spectra of both, the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples showed the maximum absorbance (λ_max) at 866nm. Thus, it represents no significant alteration in the absorbance maxima between the control and Biofield Energy Treated sample. It depicted that there might not be any significant change in the electronic transitions between highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, induced by the Biofield Energy Treatment.

Figure 5: UV-vis spectra of the control and biofield energy treated copper chloride.

Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy

The FT-IR spectra of control and Biofield Energy Treated samples of copper chloride are given in (Figure 6). The FT-IR spectra of both the control and Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride showed the clear stretching and bending peaks in the functional group as well as the fingerprint region. The control spectrum showed peaks at 2923cm^-1 and 2854cm^-1 which were assigned to the aliphatic C-H stretching. Similar peaks were present in the spectrum of the Biofield Energy Treated sample at 2924cm^-1 and 2854cm^-1. Besides, there were stretching frequency at 1377cm^-1 and 1460cm^-1 in fingerprint region of both control and Biofield Energy Treated samples of Copper Chloride. However, the peaks at 892 and 1154cm^-1 in the control spectrum were not observed in the spectrum of the Biofield Energy Treated sample. Also, the peak at 1588cm^-1 in the control sample spectrum was shifted to higher frequency at 1601cm^-1 in the spectrum of the Biofield Energy Treated sample. Overall, the FT-IR studies revealed that the Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride might got impacted at the atomic level due to the Biofield Energy Treatment, which may further affect the structural and bonding properties such as, bond strength, rigidity, and the stability of compound, etc.

Figure 6: FT-IR spectra of the control and biofield energy treated copper chloride.

The overall analysis concluded that The Trivedi Effect^®- Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment has the significant impact on the physical, thermal, and spectral properties of copper chloride. The PXRD analysis revealed that the relative peak intensities of the characteristic peaks of Biofield Energy Treated sample showed alteration in the range from -27.67% to 153.49%, as compared to the control sample. Similarly, the crystallite sizes of the Biofield Field Energy Treated sample across various planes got decreased from 0.126% to 30.03% along with 4.49% decrease in the average crystallite size, compared with the control sample. The alterations in the crystallite size and relative peak intensities of the Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride suggested the disturbance in the crystallinity and regular pattern of the atoms across those planes that might occur due to the Biofield Energy Treatment. Moreover, the TGA analysis revealed three steps of thermal degradation in which, the 1^st and 3^rd step of degradation of the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed slight increase in percentage weight loss by 0.33% and 3.64%, respectively; while it was significantly reduced by 17.79% in the 2^nd step of degradation as compared to the control sample. Additionally, the total weight loss of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was increased by 1.45%. Besides, the DTG analysis revealed increase in the T_max values of the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd peaks of the Biofield Energy Treated sample by 6.92%, 1.32%, and 1.77%, respectively, compared with the control sample. The thermal analysis showed significant increase in the thermal degradation of the Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride with altered thermal stability. The DSC analysis of both the samples showed endothermic and exothermic peaks. The data represented slight decrease in the melting point of the Biofield Energy Treated sample (1.31%) along with 3.78% decrease in ΔH than the control sample. It showed that the Biofield Energy Treated sample requires less energy during the process of melting, as compared to the control sample. Also, the analysis revealed 9.12% increase in the decomposition temperature of the treated sample along with 43.45% reduction in the ΔH, as compared to the control sample. The whole analysis indicated the increased thermal stability of the Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride after the Biofield Energy Treatment. Nevertheless, the FT-IR spectrum of the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed alterations in the wave number of the characteristic peaks, as the peak at 892 and 1154cm^-1 in the control spectra were diminished in the spectrum of Biofield Energy Treated sample. Also, the peak at 1588cm^-1 in the control sample spectra was shifted to higher frequency at 1601cm^-1 in the spectra of Biofield Energy Treated sample.

Overall, the current study showed the significant impact of The Trivedi Effect^®-The Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of copper chloride. The Biofield Energy Treatment might create a new polymorphic form of the compound having reduced crystallite size and altered crystallinity. Also, the study indicated the potential of The Trivedi Effect^® in enhancing the thermal stability and altering the other properties of drugs which may prove to be helpful in designing a better nutraceutical and/or pharmaceutical formulations with enhanced bioavailability, stability and safety profile. The Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride may help in providing better therapeutic response against the copper deficiency and related diseases such as leukopenia, anemia, neutropenia, depressed ceruloplasmin levels, immunological disorders, cardiovascular disease, etc.

The authors are grateful to GVK Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., Trivedi Science, Trivedi Global, Inc., Trivedi Testimonials, and Trivedi Master Wellness for their assistance and support during this work.

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