Behera D*
Department of Physics and Astronomy, India
*Corresponding author: Behera D, Department of Physics and Astronomy, India
Submission: October 29, 2021;Published: November 18, 2021
Volume2 Issue5November, 2021
The persistent quest for room temperature superconductor has been achieved recently
and ignites the hope for revolutionary change. The pioneering work of Onnes [1] gives rise
to discovery of superconductivity in 1911. In this work on Mercury, Hg shows no electrical
resistance and persistent current flows for a long time with no Joules heating. This is the
unique in material that becoming superconductor. The associated diamagnetic behavior with
complete removal of magnetic field from the interior of the material satisfies the complete
Meissner effect [2]. The phenomenon of superconductivity has been explained by John Bardeen,
Leon Cooper and J.R. Schrieffer (BCS) theory where a current of electron pairs (Cooper pairs)
flows without resistance in certain materials at low temperature (superconductor). According
to BCS theory, superconductivity arises when a negatively charged particle (electron) slightly
distorts the lattice atoms in the material, drawing a + vely charged cloud (Polaron) and create
electron-phonon interaction.
This attracts a second electron and forms weakly electron-phono-electron interaction
(Cooper pairs). As Cooper pairs are more stable than a single electron, it moves in the material
with no electrical resistance and the Cooper pairs are more resistive to lattice vibration below
the transition temperature Tc. The contribution of phonons to resistivity is marginalized or
reduced at low temperature due to freezing of lattice vibrations. In the process, energy of
the system is reduced and a phase transition is established from a disordered state (normal
state) to ordered state (superconducting state). At very low temperature (in absolute zero
temperature) the phenomenon gives birth to the 5th state of matter i.e., Bose-Einstein
Condensation (BEC). In this state all quantum states boil down to single quantum state
forming a “Condensate”. BCS state is weakly-correlated pairs of electrons whereas BEC is
strongly correlated of diatomic molecules in the atomic Fermi gas. For more understanding,
BEC state is a Bose-Einstein Condensate of two-atom (diatomic) molecules (bound fermions)
while BCS state is made of pair of atoms. For BEC the molecules with opposite momenta are in
the momentum space. The formation of BEC occurs when low-energy atoms clump together
and enter the same energy state.
From the discovery of superconductivity in 1911 by Onnes [1] in mercury (Hg) with
transition temperature Tc of 4.2 K (boiling point of liquid Helium) to current situation where
different types of materials show superconductivity. The gradual development occurs in
metals (elements), alloys, metallic oxides, perovskites, ceramics, alkalide-fullerides, heavy
fermions, pnictides, fullerence and suphur-hydrides. It has been observed that bad conductors
are good superconductor whereas good conductors (noble metals) are poor superconductor.
Silver, copper and gold are the best electrical conductors known at room temperature, do
not show any sign of superconductivity above a few millidegrees. This happens due to strong
interaction of electron and phonon. The bonding is strong in insulators as compared to
conductors. This is one of the mechanisms of BCS theory.
Recently in 2021 Dalai et al. [3] have reported superconductivity
in Ag implanted Au thin films to have transition of 2.0K. The work
proposes the enhancement of Tc with varying the thickness with
Ag ion implanted Au thin films. The discovery of superconductivity
in ceramic materials (oxides) such as YBa2Cu3O7-(YBCO),
one of the families of cuprates with Tc of 92K breaks the barrier
of availability of costly liquid Helium. As Tc of this material is
above 77K (boiling point of liquid nitrogen (LN2) its facilities the
experimental activates to explore new superconducting materials.
Further, researchers have discovered new superconducting high
Tc materials such as HgBa2Ca2Cu3O10+d (Hg1223) with Tc of 135 K.
For a decade or so from its discovery this was the height Tc for the
materials. The quest for materials with high Tc has been succeeded
with several materials with application of high pressure. So, the
material Hg1223 can achieved Tc of 164 K with pressure of 25 Gpa.
Much development on high temperature superconductors
was done on hydrogen-based compounds. Several research
were conducted to enhance the transition temperature of the
superconducting materials. The work by Drozdov et al. [4] in 2015
by pressurizing hydrogen and sulfur has cracked the Tc of 200 K
barrier [4]. Further, the work in 2018 in a high-pressure compound
with lanthanum and hydrogen has cracked the Tc of 250 K barrier. It
has been reported that lanthanum hydride (LaHx) was synthesized
by laser heating of lanthanum in hydrogen atmosphere at pressure
P=170GPa. The sample shows a superconducting step at 209 K
at pressure 170GPa. By releasing the pressure to 150GPa, the Tc
increases to 215K-the record-breaking Tc during that time. This
finding supports a way of achieving Tc higher than the one in H3S
(203 K) in hydrides.
Now we have superconductors at room temperature with
application of high pressure. Can we have superconductor at room
temperature with normal atmospheric pressure, is a big challenge
for us. Last year in 2020 Physicist, Snider [5] in University of
Rochester, New York have reported a compound of carbon, Sulphur
and hydrogen to be room temperature superconductor, but the
pressure required is 267GPa i.e., more than 2 million times Earth’s
atmospheric pressure. Pure hydrogen when squeezed becomes a
metal and behaves as room temperature superconductor. To reduce
pressure effect, other elements are added to metallic hydrogen.
Attempts are being explored to reduce the pressure of the system.
Scientists are optimistic for the room temperature superconductor
at much reduce pressure or even at normal atmospheric pressure
for a revolutionary change.
© 2021 Behera D. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.