About the Moving Force of Chemical Reactions

Chemistry is well known-the science of substances that studies the processes of their transformation accompanied by changes in the composition and structure [1-3]. As a result of a chemical reaction, chemical work is performed with the redistribution of chemical bonds, accompanied by the release or absorption of heat, light, and other manifestations. And here the question arises about the nature of the moving force of the work, what is, the reasons for the occurrence of a chemical reaction. At the same time, the number of nucleons, electrons participating in chemical transformations remains unchanged, however, new “chemical individuals” are formed [4-11] and the internal energy of the reacting systems changes. In [2], the authors of the theory of elementary interactions, the course of chemical reactions, conclude that molecules break down into active particles that interact with the molecule in three stages: association, electronic isomerization and dissociation. At their suggestion, the presence of the electron isomerization stage explains why and how the chemical bond-breaking reactions proceed at room temperature. And temperature, catalyst and other factors, with all their physical differences, play the same rolethe initiator. In our opinion, in the case under consideration, the association of reacting molecules is a modification of the theory of the transition state and most importantly, the moving force of electron isomerization is not indicated. It can react only when an active particle appears, for which radicals, ions and solvent molecules are taken, i.e., it also requires activation energy.

In this regard, the elementary carriers of heat, light, etc. we propose-“electromagnetic particles” [12-16] provide the basis for revising the structure of atomic-molecular structures and expanding the range of information about the phenomena occurring. It is also noted here that the effect on physicochemical systems by elemental energy carriers leads to a change in the chemical potential of substances, which is reflected in their micro-macroscopic properties. At the same time, in the structure of “chemical individuals” of a substance, due to the movement of electrons and elementary particles, polarization occurs and the appearance of a potential difference. Similar phenomena occur in photosystems as well in biosystems [17]. In our opinion, these polarized areas of reacting systems form micro-galvanic pairs and are the moving force of chemical interaction. In turn, when exposed to the system with energy, the chemical potential of the system passes into another state, expressed by “thermochemical potential”, which can be expressed Gibbs’s fundamental equations for open systems with the constancy of the corresponding parameters:

where μi is the “thermochemical potential” of the i-th kind of “chemical individuals”; ∂ni is an infinitely small change in the number of the i-th type of energy carrier. Usually, the sum of the chemical and electric potentials (μ + zFφ) is called the electrochemical potential, then the potential that arises on the “chemical individual” during electron movements is called the “thermo electrochemical potential”:

where μi and μ are “thermo-electrochemical” and chemical potentials of a mole of the i-th type of “chemical individuals”, J/mol; z is the number of electrons participating in the elementary act; F is the Faraday’s number, 96500C/mol; φ-potential difference, V.

To determine the value of the “thermo-electrochemical potential” from the pulsation frequency of the “electromagnetic particle”, considering temperature and pressure as intensive quantities, we use the chemical potential equation in the form:

where μ0 is the standard chemical potential; k is the Boltzmann’s constant; T is the thermodynamic temperature; p is the partial pressure of the pulsating “electromagnetic particle”. For a pulsating “electromagnetic particle” particle, the Clapeyron’s equation is written in the form:

where Vm is the volume of one electromagnet particle creating pressure p; k is the Boltzmann’s constant; 0.959∙10-11 -temperature coefficient; v -oscillation frequency of the “electromagnetic particle”. Analysis of the equation allows us to determine the physical meaning of the “p” for an elementary particle, which is the “elastic force - p” necessary for the pulsation of an elementary particle in its volume Vm, T is the thermodynamic temperature of the system, which is an indicator of thermal equilibria with the environment. The change of Vm and p under compression causes an opposing force according to Newton’s third law. Based on the above equations, we can conclude that the change in chemical potential depends mainly on the potential difference and the energy of electromagnetic particles according to the equation:

Consequently, the potential difference caused by the polarizing action of the “electromagnetic particle” is the moving force behind the process.

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