Biocycling of Fractional Fatty Acid Components of Lipids in Mangrove-Benthic Systems, in Midnapore (East) Coast, India

The cycling of nutrients is critical for the sustenance of ecosystems [1,2] which is meant as the transformation of nutrients from one trophic level to another, mainly done by microbes after being facilitated by several other faunal components in an mangrove estuarine ecosystem [3,4] Nutrient inputs from outside ecosystem (often referred to as allochthonous inputs) are also important in many ecosystems [5,6]. However, over the past three decades, ecologists have shown that animals can become instrumental in cycling of nutrients in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems [7-9]. Intertidal benthic fauna render direct effects emanating from the physiological transformation of nutrients from one form to another within their own bodies by way of consumption and subsequent allocation of nutrients to feces, growth, and nutrient excretion. Indirect effects are supposed to occur when animals affect nutrient fluxes the process of harvesting their foods and modifying physical habitat structure by way of bioturbation process [4].


Introduction
The cycling of nutrients is critical for the sustenance of ecosystems [1,2] which is meant as the transformation of nutrients from one trophic level to another, mainly done by microbes after being facilitated by several other faunal components in an mangrove estuarine ecosystem [3,4] Nutrient inputs from outside ecosystem (often referred to as allochthonous inputs) are also important in many ecosystems [5,6]. However, over the past three decades, ecologists have shown that animals can become instrumental in cycling of nutrients in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems [7][8][9]. Intertidal benthic fauna render direct effects emanating from the physiological transformation of nutrients from one form to another within their own bodies by way of consumption and subsequent allocation of nutrients to feces, growth, and nutrient excretion. Indirect effects are supposed to occur when animals affect nutrient fluxes the process of harvesting their foods and modifying physical habitat structure by way of bioturbation process [4].
Coastal zone representing the junction of terrestrial with marine ecosystems, harbors diversified flora, fauna, and microbes in the form of mangroves and its associates, benthos (macro, micro and meio benthos), nekton and plankton in different geo-morphological units like estuaries, creeks, intertidal and sub-tidal zones, mangroves, delta etc as habitats and ecological niche. All these faunal and floral inhabitants have been found to display varied patterns of succession, distribution, and eco-dynamics in tune with the changing ecological gradients and also by enjoying definite ecological niche. Marine-coastal-estuarine-mangrove ecosystem representing the most productive and dynamic ecosystem of the world, is dominated by intertidal salt tolerant halophytic vegetation and enjoying the influences of two high and two low tides a day, offers a unique environment for bioresource development on one hand and maintains ecological balance through the protection of coastal line on the other [4,[10][11][12][13][14]. Indian coast has a land frontier of 15,200km. Coast line stretches about 5700km on the main land and about 7500km including the two island territories and exhibits most of the known geo-morphological features of coastal zones. Presently Indian coastline is facing increasing human pressures which have resulted in substantial damage to its ecosystems [15]. The coastal area of West Bengal extends over 0.28 million hectors and 220KM of coastal line. The coastal belt of Midnapore district, West Bengal, India sharing 27% (60KM) of coastal tract of West Bengal, India is a contiguous part of deltaic Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem-a world Heritage site [16].
In mangrove-estuarine-coastal ecosystem, the open pathways of nutrient transports are driven by physical processes, such as, tides, run off, meteorological parameters like precipitation and biological factors especially litter fall, decomposition and mineralization. The primary food source for aquatic and intertidal mangrove dwelling faunal components is derived from vascular plant detritus mostly from mangrove leaves. The breakdown of mangrove leaves is brought about by the activities of macrofauna (crabs, molluscs, insects etc) and microorganisms, such as, fungi, bacteria and protozoa [17,18]. Most of the intertidal benthic fauna of Midnapore (East) coastal region are deposit feeders or browsers or filter feeders. Trophic interactions in such ecosystems are often very complex, largely because of the interactions of an array of ecological parameters both living and non living components pertaining to both aquatic and adjoining forest subsystems [14,[19][20][21][22]. The use of lipid and its different fatty acid fractions have used as biomarkers to understand trophic relationships, especially the biotransformation and bioconversion of organic components through a pathway of plants to benthos to soil and microorganisms. In such aquatic-soil-forest subsystems, lipids provide the densest form of energy which is transferred from algae to vertebrates via zooplankton [23] and several essential fatty acids along with sterols have been found to be the important driver of ecosystem dynamics and sustainability by ensuring ecosystem stability [4,21,24 -26].
In a marine ecosystem, generally qualitative similarities are observed in the fatty acid composition of the organisms although they occupy different trophic levels. The prime producer i.e. phytoplankton in estuarine-marine ecosystems are able to synthesize all the fatty acids de novo. Those fatty acids undergo significant changes in the process of decomposition of mangrove leaves, deposited and stored in the tidal basin from mangrove plants [19]. Through feeding upon detritus available on mudflats, these biotransformed fatty acids tend to enter within the body of macro benthic fauna enjoying a position on higher trophic level of this specialized ecosystem. In such context, the present paper has attempted to highlight the functional roles of three major benthic fauna-one fiddler crab Uca acuta acuta, one brachiopod-Lingula anatina and one nemertine-Cerebratulus bengalensis towards the conversion of lipid components and their bioconversion and biotransformation in this ecosystem on a comparative basis. Individuals of three major macrobenthic fauna Lingula anatina (Brachiopod), Uca acuta acuta (Fiddler crab) and Cerebratulus bengalensis (Nemertine) were collected randomly from the intertidal mudflats of an ecotone (Talshari) ,located at the confluence of an estuary, Subarnarekha with open sea, Bay of Bengal (Longitude 87º5′E to 88º5′E and Latitude 20º30′N to 22º2′N) near New Digha, West Bengal, India ( Figure 1) along with the simultaneous collection of detritus and mangrove leaves from three major mangrove plants viz. Avicennia marina, Acanthus ilicifolius and Suaeda maritima. Both phytoplankton and zooplankton were collected by filtering 100L of water using plankton nets having a mesh size of 0.35µ and 0.50µ respectively. Different body parts of all three animals were separated by dissection in the laboratory. The plankton samples, detritus, plant leaves and different dissected body parts were immediately frozen and stored at -20 °C until analyzed ( Figure  2). The study was undertaken during pre-monsoon period 2014-2015. The collection, extraction, preparation estimation, and identification of total lipids and fractional components of fatty acids were done following the methods of [27][28][29][30][31][32] which are being mentioned below:

Material and Methods
The total lipids were extracted from the flesh of the collected samples following the method of [27] using methanol-chloroform (2:1v/v), methanol-chloroform water (2:1:0.8v/v/v), and then again with the first solvent system. Samples were grounded with the solvent, filtered and residual components were extracted with the next solvent system. The process was repeated. Finally, the three extracts were pooled, diluted with water and layers generated were allowed to separate in separator funnels. The chloroform layer at the bottom was withdrawn and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate in a freezer. The chloroform solution of lipid was evaporated under vacuum, redissolved in distilled n-hexane and kept at -20 °C for future use. Butylated hydroxy toluene was added at a level of 100mg/L to the solvent as antioxidant. After dilution of the pooled extracts, a heavy white precipitate appeared at the junction of the two layers which were saved for further analysis. A portion of total lipid samples were dissolved in anhydrous methanol containing concentrated sulfuric acid (1%, v/v) and the mixture was refluxed for 2h. Methanol was evaporated to a small volume and cooled. Distilled water was added to the cooled mixture and the methyl esters of fatty acids were extracted three times with aliquots of diethyl ether ( Figure 3). The ethereal extracts were pooled and driedover anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered, vacuum dried, redissolved in n-hexane and kept for future use. Fatty acid methyl esters were purified by TLC using a solvent system of n-hexane diethyl ether (90:10, v/v). A standard methyl ester was also run on the same plate in a separate lane. The location of methyl ester bands were done by placing the TLC plate in an iodine vapour chamber ( Figure 4). The methyl ester bands corresponding to the standard were marked and then scrapped off the plate. Methyl esters were recovered by extracting the bands in a mini column with chloroform, the later was evaporated and the methyl esters were then kept in n-hexane till analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC).

Gas liquid chromatography
GLC of fatty acid methyl esters were done on a Chemito 1000 instrument, equipped with flame ionization detector. Quantification was done by computer using specific Clarity Lite Software. GLC of fatty acid methyl esters was done on a BPX-70 mega bore capillary column obtained from SGE, Australia. Oven temperature was programmed from 150-240 °C with a rate of 8 °C/min. Initial and final times were kept isothermal for 1min and 20min, respectively. Injection port and detector temperatures were 250 °C and 300 °C, respectively ( Figure 5 & 6). Nitrogen gas was used as carrier gas and its flow rate was 6.32ml/min. Identification of fatty acids was done by comparing their retention times with those of standards, chromatographed under identical operational conditions of GLC. Conformations of fatty acids were made by using the fatty acid methyl ester of cod liver oil fatty acids reffered by Ackman RG [28].

Results
Analysis of lipid contents of food sources of studied benthic animals have revealed that planktons (S1) contained the highest amount (0.84%) of total lipids while detritus exhibited the lowest amount (0.15%).Out of nine different parts of animal bodies, muscles (S12) of Lingula anatina were found to exihibit highest amount (2.95%) and pedicle (S 1) showed the presence of lowest (0.35%) amount of total lipids (Table 1  The α linolenic acid (18:3ω3) exhibited highest amount (39.6%) in the mangrove leaves, Avicennia marina, whereas its quantity suddenly decreased in all three animal samples as recorded during present research works (  (Figures 7-10). Pharmaceutically important Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has not been encountered from Cerebratulus bengalensis. Among all presently studied animals, only Lingula anatina has been found to contain Arachidonic acid and Eicosapentaenoic acid in higher amount (10.4% and 15.8%) which have been presented in the Table 4. Fractional components of fatty acids as represented in the Table 3, showed that food components of Cerebratulus bengalensis. included appreciable amount of αlinolenic acid (ALA). Muscles of Cerebratulus bengalensis. have shown to contain 9 different types of MUFAs and 12 different types of PUFAs. Among PUFAs, Arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4ω6) registered highest amount (5.00%) followed by Eicosatrienoic acid (ETE, 20:3ω3) 4.48%, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3) 2.89% and so on. However, mangrove leaves did not reveal the occurrence of AA, ETE (Eicosatrienoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid).   From the present study, it was also noted that Uca acuta acuta contained seven different types of SAFAs and MUFAs and thirteen different types of PUFAs. Out of thirty various kinds of fatty acids (FA) ,seven categories of SAFAs, six categories of MUFAs and fourteen categories of PUFAs have been recorded from different studied body parts of Lingula anatina (Table 4) ( Figure 8) It was also found that PUFA/ SAFA ratio displayed very lower value. Interestingly, it was noted that two PUFAs i.e. 21:5ω3 and 22:5ω6 have not been recorded from Cerebratulus bengalensis and Uca acuta acuta. All the qualitative and quantitative information regarding estimated and reported fatty acids which have been considered as biomarkers are being presented in the Tables 3-5 & Figure 8.     Ecosystem management is based on understanding of how natural systems work and how human activities may influence these systems. Biodiversity has a fundamental role in providing the basis for all ecosystem goods and services [4]. It should also be emphasized that the coastal ecosystems as evaluated in this paper are strongly linked through bio-geo-physical interactions, suggesting that they cannot easily be treated as separate unit from a management perspective and exhibit connectedness via nutrient fluxes, floral and faunal successions, migrations, etc. The use of one function in any system may influence the availability of other functions, the efficiency of nutrient cycling, energy transfer, and sediment formation influences the biological productivity of a coastal ecosystem [4]. The present investigation has highlighted the mode of occurrence of different classes of fatty acids in body muscles of three mangrove-estuarine benthic macrofauna namely Lingula anatina, Cerebatulus bengalensis & Uca acuta acuta inhabiting in an ecotone, at the confluence of an estuary (Subarnarekha) with Bay of Bengal (longitude 87°5'E to 88°5'E and latitude 20°30'N to 22°2'N) in the North-East coast of India. Estimation of such biochemical entities has also been made from the habitat of the studied species, especially its food sources (mangrove leaves, planktons and detritus). The variabilities in the amount of different fatty acid components in different body parts of three different studied species and their food sources have prompted to arrive at a conclusion on the mode of biotransformation and bioconversion of these bioactive substances.
Fatty acids have been used as qualitative markers to trace or confirm predator prey relationships in the marine environment for more than thirty years [33]. More recently, they have also been used to identify key processes impacting the dynamics of some of the world's major ecosystems. The fatty acid trophic marker concept is based on the observation that marine primary producers lay down certain fatty acid patterns that may be transferred conservatively and hence can be recognized in primary consumers [34]. In a marine ecosystem, generally qualitative similarities are observed in the fatty acid composition of the organisms which occupy different trophic levels. The first link of the food chain i.e. phytoplankton are able to synthesize all the fatty acids de novo and composition of fatty acids changed significantly in the decomposing leaves of mangroves [4,35,36]. High concentration of ω-3 fatty acids which are generally considered as to be fatty acids of marine life, were found to have been mainly contributed by some phytoplanktonic species (diatoms, dinoflagellates, etc.) to the marine ecosystem [35]. Examination on various parts of Lingula anatina, an intertidal detritivorous macrobenthic animal of the studied areas revealed the presence of appreciably high amount of 20:5ω3 fatty acids associated with other PUFA of the -ω3 series associated with other polyunsaturated fatty acids of the -ω3 series (Table 4) (Figure 8). It is thus envisaged that intake of higher amount of the precursor fatty acid (18:3ω3), through primary food sources and their subsequent chain elongations and desaturation processess de novo would lead to the formation of 3-ω unsaturated fatty acids in higher levels. Intake of these diets enriched with 3-ω acids may explain the mode of accumulation of these polyunsaturated fatty acids in considerable levels in the different parts of this benthos. The ALA (18:3ω3), the primary precursor molecule for the -ω3 family of fatty acids [37] in animal tissues must come from diet. The principal pathways to the formation of EPA (20:5ω3) and DHA (22:6ω3) require a sequence of chain elongation and desaturation steps (∆5 and ∆6 desaturases) with acyl-coenzyme-A esters as substrates [30,31]. The bioconversion of ALA in the present studied faunal component is supposed to occur after being initiated and subsequently derived from linolenate (18:3ω3) which is obtained by the animal from their primary food sources. This finding has been corroborated by the earlier observations of San Giovanni & Chew [37], Kapoor & Patil [38].
It is interesting to note the pathways of conversion of different biochemical constituents through the ecosystem functioning in mangrove-estuarine system. Lipids being an important biochemical component in the living organisms play vital physiological functioning [28] and also contribute profusely in the flow of organic materials through food chains and food webs operating in the ecosystem. Studies have been conducted in the coastal Midnapore (East) district to understand the mode of bioconversion and biotransformation of lipids in the following pathway: Mangroves → Soil → Water → Macrodecomposers → Microdecomposers → Detritus → Detritivores (Benthos) → Detritus etc. These studies on three different macro benthos (fiddler crab, brachiopod and nemertine) have revealed mode of occurrence and characteristics of different fractional components of fatty acids in different parts of studied fauna and the mode of bioconversion of such biochemical entities. The ultimate outcome was the enrichment of the system with lot of decomposition products through such biogeochemical processes leading to the enrichment of nutrients so that all the biodiversity components get the benefit through trophic relationships [18]. Presence of moderate to high levels of EPA and DHA, within different body parts of studied species, derived through bioconversion of ALA from food sources indicated that they have been the good sources of EPA and DHA which are being considered as the precursors of several metabolites that are potent lipid mediators. Many investigators recognize them as to be the beneficial components for human being as in the prevention or treatment of several diseases [19,39]. Recent investigation has revealed that muscles of the studied animal, L. anatina stored major amount of all fatty acids.
EPA and DHA recorded from plankton samples indicated that L. anatina obtains these fatty acids from the planktons as food source. Major mangrove plant leaves of the studied area have been found to possess moderate to high amount of α-linolenic acid (18:3ω3) which is the precursor of long chain PUFAs viz. EPA (20:5ω3) and DHA (22:6ω3). Presence of qualitatively similar type of fatty acids in L. anatina, inhabiting in three contrasting study sites of the Subarnarekha mangrove estuarine complex has enabled to arrive at a conclusion that the occurrence of different morphotypic forms of L. anatina as observed during present study belong to same genus and species [21]. Presence of high levels of carnivorous markers of the studied species i.e. oleic acid (18:1ω9, derived from animal sources because of the consumption of zooplankton, animal detritus etc., occurred in the intertidal belts) in different body parts of L. anatina have indicated that all those fauna are the co-inhabitants of the habitat. Presence of high amount of 22:6ω3 and 20:4ω6 in different body parts of L. anatina has established the facts that diatoms, dianoflagellates and macroalgae tended to constitute the basal portion of food pyramid of this complex estuarine ecosystem [20]. Fatty acids are useful tool to study trophic ecology and determine food web connections, contrary to more traditional gut content analysis which provide information on dietary intake and food constituents leading to the sequestration of lipid reserves over a longer period of time [40]. The gut content analysis revealed that food contents of L. anatina have been found to include fragmented mangrove leaves, detritus and planktonic components which is in tune with the earlier findings conducted by [41]. The presence of EPA and DHA within different body parts of L. anatina has strengthened the fact that these pharmaceutically important fatty acids are thought to have been derived from ALA, present in dietary food sources of L. anatina through biotransformation processes within the body of this rare benthic brachiopodan faunal component. It was recorded that phospholipids obtained from muscles of L. anatina were the major classes of lipids which form structural and functional components of cell membranes.
been the good sources of EPA and DHA which are being considered as the precursors of several metabolites that are potent lipid mediators. Many investigators recognize them as to be the beneficial components for human being as in the prevention or treatment of several diseases [19,39]. Recent investigation has also revealed that muscles of the studied animal, L. anatina stored major amount of all fatty acids. The Uca species of the present study grazes on the leaf detritus [17,10] and thus consumes considerable amount of ALA (18:3ω3). Analysing of fatty acid compositions of some organs viz. body flesh, big chela flesh, hepatopancreas and gut content of an abundant fiddler crab species, Uca acuta acuta, feeding mostly on the detritus, have revealed the occurrence of different fractional fatty acid components, as shown in the Table 4 which are mostly derived from the decomposition product of mangrove leaves [25,26]. The most common constituent of the soluble lipids of the plant cuticle are wax esters, defined as fatty acid esters of fatty alcohols [42]. Generally the unsaturated fatty acids of plant leaf surface waxes of mangrove plant leaves composed of mono-, di-and trienoic moieties containing 18-carbon chains [43]. This observation has also been confirmed in the present study. Besides, special mention can be made on α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3ω3) which is the precursor of the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA's) of -ω3 series, viz., Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3. The Uca species of the present study grazes on the leaf detritus [44] and thus consumes considerable amount of ALA (18:3ω3). Most of the unsaturated fatty acids have been utilized by various organisms including Uca, whereas a part of those washed out by the tidal water [44]. Different organs of Uca acuta acuta showed the presence of α-linolenic acid (18:3ω3) in considerable amount (about 30-40%) which constitute the leaf lipids of major plants of this area. Alfa linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3ω3) is the primary precursor molecule for the -ω3 family of fatty acids in animal tissues, must come from the diet i.e., from the plant leaves. On the other hand, the detritus contained only 2.7% of ALA. This signifies that the leaf litters formed out of breakdown of mangrove leaves and after being exposed to tidal waters, and microbial activities undergo decomposition processes and detritus is formed [11].
Since only a small portion (5%) of the leaf material was found to have been removed by grazing insects before leaf abscission, most of the material become widely dispersed by seasonal currents. A key group of small animals, comprising only a few species but very large number of individuals, (in the present study Uca acuta acuta being one) ingest large quantities of the vascular plant detritus, and thus participates in the food chain. It is clear that the Uca acuta acuta species consumes considerable amounts of ALA (18:3ω3), by grazing on the detritus. Only fragmentary studies have [45] so far been made on the transmission of plant biochemicals to detritivore animals and their bio-converion there upon of the studies so far done, in the Sunderbans mangrove forest, mention can be made of the fatty acids and sterols of mangrove leaves [43], triterpenoids and sterols of mangrove plant leaves [29] and fatty acids of the detritivores, Boleophthalmus boddarti [46] and biotransformation of oleanolic acid to oleanonic acid of mangrove leaves [43]. Based on the investigation on the role of a dominant fiddler crab species, Uca acuta acuta on the biotransformation of plant biochemicals especially of lipid and fatty acid components from plants to detritus and there from to benthic fauna such as fiddler crab, of Midnapore (East) coastal tract, West Bengal, India the following inferences can be drawn: The mangrove plant leaves of the study area contains high levels of α-linolenic acid (18:3ω3), which is a precursor of long chain PUFA's, viz., EPA (20:5ω3) and DHA (22:6ω3).

B.
Uca acuta acuta is an important bio-energetically significant benthic animal on the leaf detritus, and thus consumes considerable amount of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3ω3).

C.
The ALA thus consumed by this abundant grazing animal in the estuarine mud flat in this area, are converted in vivo to long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of -ω3 series, viz., EPA and DHA.
D. Considerably high levels of EPA and DHA have been found in the various samples of Uca acuta acuta, particularly in the body flesh of the animal.

E.
Through this study, it has been established that, Uca acuta acuta are capable of biosynthesizing long chain PUFA's efficiently [25][26].
Examination on muscles of Cerebratulus bengalensis, an intertidal detritivorous macrobenthic nemertine of the studied areas revealed the presence of appreciably high amount of 20:5ω3 fatty acids associated with other polyunsaturated fatty acids of the -ω3 series. It is thus envisaged that intake of higher amount of the precursor acid (18:3ω3), through primary food sources and their subsequent chain elongations and desaturation processes de novo would lead to the formation of -ω3 unsaturated fatty acids in higher levels. Intake of these diets enriched with -ω3 acids may explain the mode of accumulation of these PUFAs in variable amounts in the body parts (muscles) of studied macrobenthic estuarine fauna. Low values of the PUFA/SAFA ratio as determined in the present research investigation are because of the presence of higher levels of Palmitic acid (16:0), suggesting a contribution of vegetal detritus in the diet of Cerebratulus bengalensis. PUFAs in green algae predominantly comprised of 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3 and these fatty acid compositions are similar to those of terrestrial (Vascular) plants since they have common ancestors. In the present study, an appreciable amount of 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3 have been estimated indicating that the species under study used to consume considerable amount of green algae (phytoplankton) occurring over the surface of the soil and also from the supply of neighboring mangrove vegetations. Terrestrial organic matters can also be associated with bacteria or fungi and constitutes an attractive and energetically utilizable food sources for invertebrates [47]. In the present study, the odd branched fatty acids have been recorded as an indicator of bacterial derivative which highlights a source of food supply for Cerebratulus bengalensis from decaying organic matters. Presence of highest amount of AA (20:4ω6, Table 23.2) in the muscles of studied species further indicated that detritus serves as one part of food of Cerebratulus bengalensis. Presence of moderate to high levels of EPA and DHA, within muscles of studied species, derived through bioconversion of ALA from food sources indicated that they have been the good sources of EPA and DHA which are being considered as the precursors of several metabolites that are potent lipid mediators. Many investigators recognize them as to be the beneficial components for human being as in the prevention or treatment of several diseases [39]. Lipid has been recognized as essential component in animal nutrition as well as aquaculture feed. Therefore, deposition of lipid (Fatty acid) which was found as a major constituent in methanolic extract of Cerebratulus bengalensis. might be obtained from their food. These compounds help defend Cerebratulus bengalensis. against predators. The invented chemical defenses are thought to provide ecological advantages and may function as a driving force in the evolution of this group [48]. The present research investigation has revealed that muscles of the studied animal stored major amount of all fatty acids and presence of EPA and DHA in plankton samples indicated that Cerebratulus bengalensis obtains these fatty acids from the planktons as food source. Major mangrove plant leaves of the studied area have been found to possess moderate to high amount of α-linolenic acid (18:3ω3) which is the precursor of long chain PUFAs viz. EPA (20:5ω3) and DHA (22:6ω3). Presence of high levels of carnivorous markers of the studied species i.e. Oleic acid (18:1ω9, derived from animal sources because of the consumption of zooplankton, animal detritus etc., occurred in the intertidal belts) in muscles of Cerebratulus have indicated that they are the inhabitants of the studied ecotone. Presence of high amount of 22:6ω3 and 20:4ω6 in animal samples has established the facts that diatoms, dianoflagellates and macroalgae constitute the basal portion of food pyramid of this complex estuarine ecosystem [24].
The Eicosatrienoic acid has been reported to induce spawning in the male lugworm, Arenicola marina [49]. The highest amount ETE among all detected fatty acids during present investigation indicated the fact that this particular FA is thought to play important role in their reproductive strategy during breeding period. The ability of PUFAs, particularly GLA (γ-linolenic acid), recorded during present FA analysis has tended to enhance free radical generation and lipid peroxidation process specifically in tumor cells which is supposed to be because of their tumoricidal actions [50]. An investigation on the mode of occurrence of different classes of fatty acids in body muscles of a mangrove-estuarine benthic macrofauna, Cerebratulus bengalensis. has shown the variabilities in the amount of different fatty acid components in the muscles of studied species and its food sources (Table 4) (Figure 8) which have prompted to arrive at a conclusion on the mode of biotransformations and bioconversions of these bioactive substances. Presence of high levels of carnivorous markers of the studied specieses i.e. oleic acid (18:1ω9, derived from animal sources because of the consumption of zooplankton, animal detritus etc, occurred in the intertidal belts) in muscles of Cerebratulus bengalensis, Lingula anatina and Uca acuta acuta have indicated that they are the inhabitants of this studied ecotone. Presence of high amount of 22:6ω3 and 20:4ω6 in animal samples has established the facts that diatoms, dianoflagellates and macroalgae constitute the basal portion of food pyramid of this complex estuarine ecosystem. Icosanoic acid (20:0) detected at low levels only in Cerebratulus bengalensis. leads to an inference that this is supposed to have been derived from other sources like microorganisms than presently observed food sources. Saturated fatty acids from 20:0 to 26:0 in amide linkage to long-chain bases are normal and important constituents of animal sphingolipids. While very-long-chain saturated fatty acids (22:0 to 32:0) are not usually considered to be common constituents of lipids, they do occur in many plant waxes, which by some estimates are the most abundant lipids in living tissues on earth, and they are also found in some animal waxes such as Cerebratulus bengalensis [51]. The study of lipid flow among trophic levels is important for models of both population dynamics and of bioaccumulation of hydrophobic chemicals [52][53][54][55]. Fatty acids are important not only for their impact on animal growth but also on many other facets of functions like reproduction, immunity, ionic balance regulation and even buoyancy regulation and buoyancy control.