Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Chromium Trioxide (CrO3): Impact of Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment

Chromium trioxide (CrO3) has many industrial applications for the manufacturing of aerospace parts, synthetic rubies, stripping agent, etc. but it is very hygroscopic, toxic and powerful oxidizing material. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical and thermal properties of CrO3 using modern analytical techniques. The sample was divided into two parts, one part of the test sample was considered as the control sample (no Biofield Treatment was provided), while another portion received the Biofield Treatment remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Gopal Nayak and termed as the treated sample. The particle size values of the treated CrO3 were increased by 2.39%, 4.52%, 4.42%, and 4.15% at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3), respectively compared to the control sample. Thus, the specific surface area of the treated CrO3 was decreased by 4.27% compared with the control sample. The PXRD peak intensities of the treated CrO3 were significantly altered ranging from -73.48% to 212.5% compared with the control sample. Similarly, the crystallite sizes of the treated sample were significantly altered ranging from -38.7% to 167.39% compared to the control sample. However, the average crystallite size of the treated sample was increased by 4.25% compared with the control sample. The latent heat of fusion of the treated sample was significantly increased by 556.45% compared with the control sample. The Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might produce a new polymorphic form of CrO3 which would be better powder flowability and lower solubility; hence it will show the lower absorption and toxicity on inhalation, ingestion, contact to skin and eye, chronic exposure, and aggravation of pre-existing conditions. The Biofield Energy Treated CrO3 sample would be very useful for the ceramic industry manufacturing the synthetic rubies, stripping agent of anodic coatings, aerospace parts, etc.


Introduction
Chromium (VI) oxide (chromium trioxide; CrO 3 ) is an acidic anhydride of chromic acid [1]. Chromium oxide is highly hygroscopic and a powerful oxidizer. Being a powerful oxidizer, it will ignite the organic materials on contact (i.e., alcohol) [2]. It is typically applied for the chrome plating and it generates passivating chromate films by reacting with cadmium, zinc, and other metals to protect from the process of corrosion [3]. Aerospace parts, synthetic rubies, and stripping agent of anodic coatings also manufactured from chromium oxide [2,4]. Chromium oxide is highly corrosive, toxic, and carcinogenic. It causes potential damage to the health through inhalation, ingestion, contact with the eye and skin, chronic exposure, and aggravation of pre-existing conditions [5].
Characterization of the physicochemical properties is attained a strong interest in the different field of the scientific research area and is now a standard method, which is one of the key challenges developing an object with the appropriate physicochemical profile. The Trivedi Effect ® -Biofield Energy Healing Treatment is an economically viable approach and also scientifically proved that it has the huge impact to alter the physicochemical properties of various non-living and living object(s) [6][7][8][9]. The Trivedi Effect ® is natural and the only scientifically proven phenomenon in which a person can harness this inherently intelligent energy from the Universe and transmit it anywhere on the planet. It is believed that the Trivedi Effect ® act through the possible mediation of neutrinos oscillation [10]. A unique para-dimensional electromagnetic field exists around the body of every living organism which produces due to the continuous movements of the charged particles, ions, cells, blood/lymph flow, heart function, and brain functions in the body known as the "Biofield". The Biofield based Energy Therapies (energy medicine) have been reported with significantly beneficial outcomes against various disease conditions [11].
The National Institute of Health (NIH) and the National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) recommend and included the Energy therapy under the Complementary

Chemicals and reagents
The chromium (VI) oxide (CrO 3 ) powder sample was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, India. All other chemicals used during the experiments were of analytical grade also procured from India.

Consciousness energy healing treatment strategies
The CrO 3 powder test sample was divided into two parts. One part of the test sample was provided the Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness energy healing treatment remotely under standard laboratory conditions for 3 minutes, known as the treated sample. Biofield Energy Treatment was provided through the healer's unique energy transmission process by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Gopal Nayak, India, to one of the test sample. The second part of the test item was considered as a control sample (no Biofield Energy Treatment was provided). Further, the control sample was treated with a "sham" healer for the better comparison with the results of the Biofield Energy Treated sample. In this case, the "sham" healer did not have any knowledge about the Biofield Energy Treatment. After the treatment, both the Biofield Energy Treated and untreated samples were kept in sealed conditions and characterized using PSA, PXRD, and DSC analytical techniques.

Characterization
Particle size analysis (PSA): The particle size analysis of CrO 3 powder was performed on Malvern Mastersizer 2000, from the UK with a detection range between 0.01µm to 3000µm using wet method [24,25]. The sample unit (Hydro MV) was filled with a dispersant medium (sunflower oil) and the stirrer operated at 2500 rpm . The PSA analysis of CrO 3 was performed to obtain the average particle size distribution. Where d (0.1) μm, d (0.5) μm, d (0.9) μm represent particle diameter corresponding to 10% , 50% , and 90% of the cumulative distribution. D (4,3) represents the average massvolume diameter, and SSA is the specific surface area (m 2 /g). The calculations were done by using software Mastersizer Ver. 5.54. The percent change in particle size (d) for CrO 3 powder at below 10% level (d 10  (1) Where d Control and d Treated are the particle sizes (μm) for at below 10% level (d 10 ) , 50% level (d 50 ) and 90% level (d 90 ) of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.
The percent change in surface area (S) was calculated using the following equation 2: Where S Control and S Treated are the surface area of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated CrO 3 , respectively.

Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis:
The PXRD analysis of CrO 3 was performed with the help of Rigaku Mini Flex-II Desktop X-ray diffractometer (Japan) [26,27]. The CuKα radiation source tube output voltage used was 30kV, and tube output current was 15mA. Scans were performed at room temperature. The average size of individual crystallites was calculated from PXRD data using the Scherrer's formula (3): Where k is the equipment constant (0.94), G is the crystallite size in nm, λ is the radiation wavelength (0.154056 nm for Kα1 emission), β is the full-width at half maximum (FWHM), and θ is the Bragg angle [28].
Where G Control and G Treated are the crystallite size of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC):
The DSC analysis of CrO 3 was performed with the help of DSC Q200, TA instruments. The sample of ~1-3 mg was loaded to the aluminium sample pan at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 30 °C to 350 °C [24,25]. The % change in melting point (T) was calculated using the following equation 5: Where T Control and T Treated are the melting point of the control and treated samples, respectively.
The percent change in the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was calculated using the following equation 6: Where ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated CrO 3 , respectively.

Results and Discussion
Particle size analysis (PSA) The particle size and surface area data of both the control and the Biofield Energy Treated CrO 3 powder are presented in Table 1. The particle size values of the control sample at d 10  Thus, the specific surface area (SSA) of the treated CrO 3 powder (0.0224 m 2 /g) was decreased by 4.27% compared with the control sample (0.0234m2/g). The results indicated that the Biofield Energy Treatment might be responsible for reducing internal force for increasing the particle size of CrO 3 sample, hence decreasing the surface area significantly. Increase in the particle size of the compound may help in enhancing the appearance, shape, and powder flowability of the compound [29,30]. Hence, the Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treated CrO 3 might improve the powder flowability, lower solubility, lower the absorption, and lower toxicity due to inhalation, ingestion, contact to skin and eye, chronic exposure, and aggravation of pre-existing conditions.   (Figure 1). The highest peak intensity of both the samples was found at 2θ equal to 21.3° (Table 2). Overall, the peak intensities of the treated CrO 3 were significantly altered ranging from -73.48% to 212.5% compared to the control sample ( Table 2). As well, the crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated The results suggested that the crystallite sizes and peak intensities of the Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treated sample were significantly altered compared to the control sample. The peak intensity of the crystalline compound changes according to the crystal morphology, and alterations in the PXRD pattern is the proof of polymorphic transitions [31][32][33]. The Trivedi Effect ® Treatment might have produced a new polymorphic form of CrO 3 via neutrinos oscillation [10]. The change in the polymorphic forms of a compound have the significant effects on their physicochemical and thermal properties like melting point, energy, stability, and solubility [34,35]. Therefore, the Biofield Energy Treated CrO 3 would be more useful for the industries using it as a raw material for manufacturing. The control and the Biofield Energy Treated CrO 3 sample showed sharp endothermic peaks at 198.34 °C and 201.85 °C, respectively (Figure 2) in the thermograms. The thermal analysis data of CrO 3 indicated that the thermal behavior of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was significantly altered compared to the control sample (Table 3). The melting point of the Biofield Energy Treated CrO 3 sample was increased by 1.77% compared to the control sample ( Table 3). The latent heat of fusion (∆H fusion ) of the Biofield Energy Treated CrO 3 powder (336.3J/g) was significantly increased by 556.45% compared to the control sample (51.23J/g) ( Table 3). The change in the latent heat of fusion can be attributed to the alteration in the molecular chains and the crystal structure [36]. Therefore, Gopal Nayak's Biofield Energy Treatment (the Trivedi Effect ® ) might strengthen intermolecular bond/chains and crystal structure of CrO 3 which improved the thermal stability of the treated sample compared with the control sample.

Conclusion
These study results suggest that the Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment has a significant impact on the surface area, particle size, crystallite size, and thermal properties of CrO 3 . The particle size values of the Biofield Energy Treated CrO 3 were increased by 2.39%, 4.52%, 4.42%, and 4.15% at d 10 , d 50 , d 90 and D (4,3), respectively compared to the control sample. Thus, the SSA of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was decreased by 4.27% compared with the control sample. The PXRD peak intensities of the Biofield Energy Treated CrO 3 were significantly altered ranging from -73.48% to 212.5% compared with the control sample. Similarly, the crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated sample were significantly altered ranging from -38.7% to 167.39% compared to the control sample. However, the average crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was increased by 4.25% compared with the control sample. The melting point of the Biofield Energy Treated CrO 3 was slightly increased by 1.77% compared with the control sample. The ∆H fusion of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was significantly increased by 556.45% compared with the control sample. The Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might produce a new polymorphic form of CrO 3 which would be better powder flowability and lower solubility; hence it will show the lower absorption and toxicity on inhalation, ingestion, contact to skin and eye, chronic exposure, and aggravation of preexisting conditions. As well Biofield Energy Treated CrO 3 sample would be very useful for the ceramic industry manufacturing the synthetic rubies, stripping agent of anodic coatings, aerospace parts, etc.