Beyond the Micro Level: A Value-Based Approach to Enhancing Personal Outcomes for Persons with Disabilities

In this paper, we argue for a value-based approach to enhancing personal outcomes for persons with a disability. Personal outcomes extend the psychological micro level. The rationale behind a value-based holistic approach is found in seven international movements that are influencing societal views and practices regarding persons with intellectual disability and related developmental disabilities (IDD). An explicit framework that goes beyond the psychological micro level in supporting people with a disability should come in place. In this paper, we argue for a value-based approach to enhancing personal outcomes for persons with a disability. In the field of disability,


Abstract
In this paper, we argue for a value-based approach to enhancing personal outcomes for persons with a disability. Personal outcomes extend the psychological micro level. The rationale behind a value-based holistic approach is found in seven international movements that are influencing societal views and practices regarding persons with intellectual disability and related developmental disabilities (IDD). An explicit framework that goes beyond the psychological micro level in supporting people with a disability should come in place. In this paper, we argue for a value-based approach to enhancing personal outcomes for persons with a disability. In the field of disability, the concept of quality of life has evolved from a sensitizing notion to a measurable construct that includes eight domains and their respective indicators listed in Table 1. The QOL conceptual and measurement framework as summarized in Table 1 has been empirically validated across different cultures and countries [1][2][3]. In terms of personal outcomes, the concept of quality of life allows one to understand the context of human functioning and the potential of individuals to grow and develop across each of the eight domains summarized in Table 1.

PPRS.000570. 3(4).2020
adoption of the social-ecological model of disability has changed policy makers, service providers, and researchers understanding of the interaction between individuals and the multiple factors at the micro, meso, and macrosystem that affect human functioning and personal outcomes [8][9][10][11]. Third, the supports paradigm and the use of individualized support strategies that reduce the mismatch between a person's capabilities and the skills required by the environment for successful participation has become the primary emphasis in services/support delivery [12,13]. Fourth, the quality of life concept, with its emphasis on equity, inclusion, and empowerment and its focus on the quality of life domains of personal development, self-determination, social inclusion, interpersonal relations, and emotional, physical, and material well-being, is impacting both program development and outcome evaluation [2,11].
Fifth, the capability approach to disability that emphasizes the core values of freedom and human dignity has resulted in an increasing emphasis on changing the conditions that a society creates to improve people's lives [14]. Sixth, positive psychology has shifted the field from a focus on defect ology to an emphasis on optimal human functioning and well-being and practices based on virtues and strengths, happiness and positive emotional well-being, positive development, a life worth living, thriving and flourishing, and resilience [15,16]. Finally, changes in the field of IDD have impacted how personal support plans are developed and implemented. Chief among these changes are a focus on the person and their rights, systems thinking and logic models, systems of support, information technology, support teams, outcome evaluation, and evidence-based practices [12].
The values underlying the value-based approach to enhancing personal outcomes include: (a) the potential for all persons to grow, develop, and contribute to their society; (b) the human and legal rights of people to live in least restrictive and safe environments, to participate fully in their communities, and to be contributing members of their society; (c) a person's disability cannot be viewed in isolation, but rather as the result of an interaction between the person's capability and their environment's demands; (d) with appropriate supports over time, human functioning can be enhanced; and (e) the desire for a life of quality among all persons. These values can be used as a basis for both personal support plan development and for creating societal conditions that allow for developing a person's capacities and improving peoples' lives. As described by Nussbaum [14], Cox et al. [17], De Maeyer et al. [18] and Sen [19] these societal conditions are based on human dignity and involve political liberty, economic freedom, social opportunities, protection and security, and advocacy. Furthermore, the conditions emphasize social justice, quality of life, the freedom to achieve a life that one has reason to value, and enhanced human functioning [20]. An explicit framework that goes beyond the psychological micro level in supporting people with a disability should come in place [21,22].

Conclusion
The purpose of this article was to describe a value-based approach to enhance personal outcomes for persons with disabilities. The essential components of a value based approach: (a) focus on the role that capabilities opportunities and liberties play in the enhancement of an individual's QOL; and (b) encompass a quality improvement cycle involving policies and practices that lead to personal outcomes and consider context. Due to the complexity of the process, we suggest considerations for its implementation rather than a group of specific guidelines.