Behavioral Overweight Traits Reflected in DNA Genotype

Obesity continues to be a leading problem in the United States. In the latest NHANES Data Report ‘Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity Among Adults: United States, 20172018,’ the age-adjusted prevalence of obesity among U.S. adults was 42.4%. The prevalence was 40.0% among younger adults, aged 20-39 years, 44.8% among middle-aged adults, aged 40-59 years, and 42.8% among older adults aged 60 years and older [1]. Causal influences of obesity included lifestyle components (e.g., overeating, poor food choices, lack of exercise) [2]. Extant dietary strategies for weight loss have been designed to reduce calories and increase physical activity. Weight management research and clinical practice suggest differing responses to dietary interventions. Recently, genetic testing has been utilized to analyze associations between genes and obesity risk. Specific genes have been identified that influence eating behaviors as well as the best diet(s) for health and weight loss [3-6]. Eating behavior traits that influence dietary choices have been identified with genetic testing and include snacking, hunger, satiety, eating disinhibition, food desire, and sweet tooth. Genetic information also informs a patient’s probable regain of weight loss, adiponectin levels, and metabolism [4,7]. Indeed, genetic evaluation based on metabolic genotypes can clarify which Crimson Publishers Wings to the Research Research Article

This evidence-based practice project identified the frequency of 6 atypical eating behavior genes in a population of overweight and obese adults. A quantitative retrospective design analyzed behavior traits to identify the frequency of genotypes (e.g., FTO obesity gene) that influenced eating-behavior traits of overweight and obese patients attending a medical weight loss clinic in southern California (N=75). All study procedures were approved by the appropriate institutional review board and administrators prior to initiating the project. Data were extracted from patients who completed a saliva sample for genomic testing between 2017 and 2018. Analysis revealed that 56(75.7%) patients screened positive for eating disinhibition and 37(50%) for food desire, whereas 29(39.2%) were identified with the FTO gene. Also, 20(27.0%) patients were positive for sweet taste, 13(17.6%) satiety, 13(17.6%) snacking, and 7(9.46%) hunger. On average, patients screened positive for 2(median) eating behavior traits. Four (5.41%) patients screened positive for 5 eating behavior traits. Overall, overweight and obese patients had a disproportionally high incidence of eating disinhibition, food desire, and the FTO obese gene; behaviors that could contribute to difficulty with weight loss.
This study may provide guidance for advanced practice nurses in how to manage the traits with behavior modification techniques. Specific strategies can be discussed with patients that focus on their atypical behaviors with regular follow up appointments by the clinician. Genetic testing can provide important patient education to improve outcomes related to weight management and health outcomes.

Nov Tech Nutri Food Sci
Copyright © Kathy James NTNF.000601. 5(1).2020 dietary and activity recommendations align with long term weight management [2,3,8]. Notably, the Doppler and colleagues [6,7] study indicated a 2.5 times greater weight loss with patients receiving genetically tailored diets. Consequently, genetic information may enhance patient success.
The contribution of genetic information has been estimated between 40% and 70% of one's predisposition and can be compounded by poor diet or sedentary lifestyle. One's inherited DNA may be as influential on weight as one's environment [5,6]. For example, the FTO gene has been associated with fat mass and obesity [5] and evidence suggests that addressing atypical eating behaviors may improve long term weight management, less self-blaming, and greater motivation [9][10][11]. Arguello et al. [11] examined the existence of atypical eating habits by genotype. This quantitative retrospective study of over 600 patients in weight clinics revealed a high frequency of atypical behaviors around traits (i.e., eating disinhibition, food desire, hunger, satiety, snacking, sweet taste) and an obesity gene. Atypical genotypes in patients with obesity reported eating disinhibition frequency (49%), food desire (43%), hunger (3%), satiety (19%), and snacking (17%). As nurse practitioners provide primary care and treatment to patients who are overweight and obese, offering genetic testing as an additional assessment could increase the understanding of underlying contributors. Based on promising results, genetic researchers suggest more robust studies in nutritional genomics given the potential to change dietary disease prevention and therapy to improve public health [4,7,10,12,13].

Framework/EBP model
The Clinical Scholar Model prepares clinical providers to utilize current research in practice and mentor staff in application [14]. Using genetics in practice is relatively new and can be role modeled by the advanced practice registered nurse (APRN). The process begins with a spirit of inquiry on how diet and genetics can be used to help patients with obesity.

Specific aim
The purpose of the evidence-based practice project was to identify atypical DNA genotypes of eating behaviors in a selected database of overweight patients who completed genetic testing in a medical weight loss clinic in southern California.

Design and participants
Permission was obtained to use genetic data from a prior study at the clinic and IRB approval was obtained from University of San Diego. Genetic data were reviewed from 75 genetic reports of adult patients who had completed the saliva sample DNA analysis by Pathway Genomics of San Diego, CA between 2017 and 2018. In February 2020, data of the selected genetic behaviors were computed from the deidentified data set of patients who met the criteria for overweight or obese. All patients consented prior to participate in the study. The Pathway Fit DNA test identified over 75 markers related to exercise, metabolic health, nutrition, and food reactions. For this project, eating behavior traits were reviewed and focused on six atypical eating behaviors and the FTO gene obesity allele. The various known atypical eating behavior traits included eating disinhibition, the likelihood to eat more than normal in response to a stimulus; food desire, the amount of effort made to obtain favorite foods; sweet taste, the internal desire for sweets; satiety, the feeling of being satisfied after eating; snacking, the likelihood to show increased snacking behavior; and hunger, the likelihood to report susceptibility to hunger. The coding used for reporting the behavior trait was characterized as typical or atypical behaviors associated with weight gain.

Statistics
Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the frequency of the six atypical behaviors, obesity gene, age, and sex. The percentages of patients with each atypical genotype was calculated.

Results
As the database included all overweight and obese individuals, all patients met the criteria. All patients were female between the ages of 22 and 71 years (M=47 years) and high body mass index (BMI 33.2±5.70 kg/m2, range 25.0 to 48.9). Behaviors were analyzed for frequency of occurrence: eating disinhibition, food desire, hunger, satiety, snacking, and sweet taste. All patients were assessed for the existence of the obesity gene allele. Four (5.41%) patients screened positive for five eating behavior traits-the maximum observed in the sample. Specifically, overweight and obese patients had a disproportionally high incidence of eating disinhibition, food desire and the FTO obesity gene (Figure 1).

Discussion
According to the literature, typical genotypes are associated with normal eating behavior traits and atypical genotypes are associated with weight-promoting eating behavior traits [6,7]. The results of this evidence-based practice project are comparable with the prior study by Arguello et al. that looked at many of the same atypical behaviors. This project supports research suggesting that atypical behaviors are common in overweight and obese populations [5]. Although these behaviors can contribute to weight issues, guidance can be provided by the APRN on how to manage these traits with behavior modification techniques. Written guidance will become Implications Atypical behaviors and the obesity gene can contribute to a patient's difficulty in losing weight. APRNs can provide education to assist patients in understanding known genotype atypical behaviors and utilize specific strategies provided by the DNA genetic report. Thus, genetic testing may provide important patient knowledge to improve outcomes related to weight management and health; however, information does not necessarily equal behavior change. Research suggests new attention to personalized medicine where the universal approach to medical care will evolve into more customized strategies.
With improvements in the cost and efficiency of genome-wide scans and other innovative technologies, health care professionals will be able to utilize these tools to provide patients with individualized information about their risks for certain diseases [15]. New information may enable APRN's to tailor prevention programs for each person's unique genetic structure. The use of genetic testing to assist patients with weight loss is new but has been well received by patients. Genetic testing offers an increased understanding of obesity risk, behaviors that can contribute to weight, and more.