A Paper on Detoxification Procedures in North Central Nigeria. Case Study: Federal College of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Clinic, Abuja, Nigeria

There is an increase of exposure to persistent bio accumulative toxicants (PBTs) by humans and animals. The manufacture, use, and release of PBTs has been associated with adverse health effects, including endocrine disruption [1] neurological [2] and reproductive effect [3] as well as cancers [4] and cardiovascular diseases [5]. Examples of chemicals associated with diseases and disorders include organochlorine pesticides, phthalates, bisphenol A, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers Globally, people have developed unique indigenous healing traditions adapted and defined by their culture, beliefs and environment, which satisfied the health needs of their communities over centuries [6].


Introduction
There is an increase of exposure to persistent bio accumulative toxicants (PBTs) by humans and animals. The manufacture, use, and release of PBTs has been associated with adverse health effects, including endocrine disruption [1] neurological [2] and reproductive effect [3] as well as cancers [4] and cardiovascular diseases [5]. Examples of chemicals associated with diseases and disorders include organochlorine pesticides, phthalates, bisphenol A, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers Globally, people have developed unique indigenous healing traditions adapted and defined by their culture, beliefs and environment, which satisfied the health needs of their communities over centuries [6].
Detoxification is one of the more widely used treatments and concepts in complementary and alternative medicine. Clinical toxicology books define detoxification as conversion of "toxic parent compounds to nontoxic metabolites," CDC 2010. It is based on the principle that illnesses can be caused by the accumulation of toxic substances (toxins) in the body. The concentration of these toxic substances in the body, assessed by biomonitoring, is commonly referred to as the "body burden". These toxicants or chemicals come from various environmental sources, such as soil, air, water, dust, or food CDC 2010. Eliminating existing toxins and avoiding new toxins are essential parts of the healing process. Because in recent times, studies have increasingly shown that the human body burden of several chemicals, at physiologically relevant levels, is a real threat to human health, including fetal and neonatal health [7]. Therefore, detoxification has been adopted as one of the main treatment procedures frequently recommended for our patients in the FEDCAM clinic. Detoxification methods of healing have been used for thousands of years, most times it entails "all reactions, enzymecatalyzed or not, that consume toxic metabolites without producing injury." Barile [8]; Sullivan Copyright © Osunderu OA NTNF.000571. 3(5).2019 [9]. The United States Centre for Disease Control estimate that over 80% of all illnesses has environmental and lifestyle causes. Detoxification has also become a prominent treatment as people have become more aware of environmental pollution [10].

Research design
This was a qualitative, retrospective study, information was collected in a descriptive manner over a 10-month period, in order to gain a general understanding of complementary/alternative medical detoxification practices. Data are presented mostly in percentage form (Table 1). Means and standard deviations were computed with microsoft excel (Figure 1).

Treatments administered to patients
Multiple therapies were utilized for the detoxification procedure: 7 different therapies were used in the detoxification procedure. However, based on the severity of the case being handled, one or more of these therapies could be implored together for treatment. These therapies include; detoxification, massage, homeopathy, acupuncture, pyro energy, hydrotherapy and naturopathy. On the basis of frequency of application of one or more of the therapies above, the following classification was arrived at (Table 2).
Note: It can be seen from the above that Naturopathy alone forms almost half of the treatment (Figure 2). This means that naturopathy was majorly used for detoxification procedure in the patients.

Use of single detoxification therapy
In addition to Naturopathy, single therapy was equally used to treat patients and below is the detail: 40% of the patients were treated with naturopathy ( Figure  3) which consists of dietary measures such as "cleansing foods" increased fruit/vegetable intake, vitamin/mineral supplementation, organic foods, elimination diet, probiotics, stool bulking agents, Pyro energy, Massage, Homeopathy, Hydrotherapy, Naturopathy and acupuncture (Table 3)

Diseases and diagnosis
A number of diseases were diagnosed within this period under review. The disease diagnosed was employed to determine the need for detoxification therapies and the duration of the detoxification therapies (Table 4). On an average, about 1, 580 diseases of different levels were diagnosed using three major diagnostic techniques; medical history, environmental exposure history, and laboratory evaluations ( Figure 5). The various diagnosed diseases are listed in Table 5; Figure 6 below on the bases of body systems.    Figure 6: Summary of products of detoxification.

Discussion
Detoxification (sometimes called body cleansing) is a type of alternative medicine treatment which aims to rid the body of unspecified "toxins"-that have accumulated in the body. During a period of 10 months, 961 patients were treated with detoxification therapies at FEDCAM clinic in Abuja. Other activities commonly associated with detoxification at the clinic included dieting, consuming exclusively or avoiding specific foods (such as fats, carbohydrates, fruits, vegetables, juices, herbs, or water) and fasting. The increase in the number of patients treated when compared to the previous year's shows a remarkable increase which is a justification of the fact that a lot of people are beginning to appreciate the importance of naturopathy [7] despite the criticisms the practice has witnessed in the recent times. An aspect of the detoxification procedure as carried out at our Clinic requires the patient dipping his/her feet inside a bowl containing clean water. The water is ionized by adding a small quantity of Sodium Chloride (Table Salt). The quantity of table salt needed is at the discretion of the physician. An array is dropped inside the ionized water. The array is to serve as a medium for extracting the toxins from different organs of the body. The whole procedure lasts for 30 minutes and the color of the eventual product depends on the Copyright © Osunderu OA NTNF.000571. 3 (5).2019 organ of the body from where the toxins are being extracted ( Table  6) below enumerates this: Summary of Products of detoxification.