Significance of Symbiotic Associations in Sustainable Agriculture and Animal Nutrition

Symbiosis means living together in an intimate association of two or more dissimilar organisms. Parasitism, commensalism and mutualism are the three types of symbiotic relationship. Out of these three, in mutualytic symbiosis both the organism in association get benefited, both are in permassociation (Permanent Association) and interdependent. A site-specific application in an integrated system of plant and animal product practices is sustainable agriculture that enhances environmental quality and natural resource base which promotes stable, prosperous farm families and communities. The term symbiosis was used by Anten De Bary (1879), a German mycologist at the university of Strasbourg to refer to the living together or close association of two different species. Mutualistic symbiotic relationships and sustainable plant and animal agriculture may be naturally controlled or man-made.


Introduction
Symbiosis means living together in an intimate association of two or more dissimilar organisms. Parasitism, commensalism and mutualism are the three types of symbiotic relationship. Out of these three, in mutualytic symbiosis both the organism in association get benefited, both are in permassociation (Permanent Association) and interdependent. A site-specific application in an integrated system of plant and animal product practices is sustainable agriculture that enhances environmental quality and natural resource base which promotes stable, prosperous farm families and communities. The term symbiosis was used by Anten De Bary (1879), a German mycologist at the university of Strasbourg to refer to the living together or close association of two different species. Mutualistic symbiotic relationships and sustainable plant and animal agriculture may be naturally controlled or man-made.

Naturally controlled symbiosis and base for sustainable agriculture
Symbiotic relationship may be between soil, plant and animals associated together where all organisms get benefited and are interdependent. Nature has evolved all symbiotic relationships between the organisms of permassociation, which became the natural resource base for sustainable plant or animal agriculture.

Evolution and symbiosis
Nature's first symbiotic permassociation is evolutionary origin of chloroplast and then the mitochondria of all eukaryotic cells. It was believed that both were free living bacteria that became incorporated in primitive host cell [1]. Microbial symbiosis performs many chemical reactions which are not possible for their host and create the basis for sustainable plant or animal agriculture collectively. They can photosynthesize, fix nitrogen, synthesize amino acids, provide vitamins and growth factors and remain in permassociation. (Permanent Association). Plants cannot metabolize the molecular nitrogen in the form of nitrate converted to NH4+. Legumes overcome this problem by their semiotic union with a group of nitrogen fixing bacteria, Rhizobia. It is the natures gift that each legume plant species has permassociation with a specific nitrogen fixing bacteria. These bacteria live in a specialized root nodule.

Microbes and animals permassociation
Evidence is accumulating that, interactions of animals with environmental microbes have resulted in the coordinate evolution of a complex symbiosis. Co-evolved partnership between microorganisms and animals represent a common fundamental theme in the biology of animals. Most environmentally transmitted symbiosis in the animals is establishment of rumen micro-organisms. The ruminants like cattle, buffalo, sheep, Goat cannot digest their feed. The various types of microbes get established in a perm association in the ruminant's stomach (Table 1 & 2). These microbes digest the feeds ingested by ruminants which will result in the production of food necessary for human. Microbes get nutrients and a place to live in the alimentary canal, whereas the host ruminant gets benefited as these microbes assists them in digestion of feed.

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Manmade symbiotic permassociation and sustainable plant and animal agriculture
Mutualistic symbiotic permassociation may be between soil, plant, animals and human associated together where all the organisms get benefited and an interdependent. Our genus Homo has been on earth from about two million years ago. Out of this time span, almost 99.5% lived in a history of subsistence on hunting the animals and gathering food. It was totally dependent on nature for life support. About 10,000 years ago, the transition from hunting to foraging for food to the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals took place. Humans have used their intellectual advantage and developed permassociation (Permanent Association) with plants as well as animals. However, their relationship has elements of symbiosis can be seen in the world as plant husbandry and animal husbandry. Number of plant and animal species were get spread throughout the world from their original habitat.
The diversity of plants, animals and microbes on earth abounds due to evolution, climate competition and symbiotic relationship developed by human. At each new kingdom of life came out, the ecosystem on earth, became more complex and the biotic components became more interactive. The droppings of sheep, and goat contains higher nutrients than FYM and compost. As a traditional method in Maharashtra State of India, the Sheep and goat are kept in the open cultivated land. Their droppings and urine get mixed in the soil which facilitates to increase the soil NP & K Proportions, also helps the soil microbes for enrichment of soil fertility (Table 3). Field trials conducted at IISS, Bhopal [2,3] indicated that continuous application of organic manures (Amount varies from 3 to 6 tons/hectare according to source) resulted, not only sustainable crop productivity but also increased the soil nutrient level than chemical fertilizer Table 3.

Significance in animal nutrition
Feed efficiency is a measure to know, how the farm animals convert the nutrients they eat into products. On the most basic level, it gives an idea, how closely a ration meets an animal nutrient requirement and of the relative demands of maintenance and production. Symbiotic demassification and environment synchronization developed much closure association between plants, animals and human which benefit all those associated.

Feed efficiency in nondescript cows
Twelve non-descript cows of first lactation were kept under three digestion trials each with pre-experimental period of 21 days and experimental period of 7 days cows fed with concentrate mixture and roughages along with 1.0% of the concentrate mixture, poultry excreta are added to the ration at Gorakshan Santhal (NGO) in Latur city (MS, INDIA). Poultry excreta is kept in autoclave to kill the microbes if any and then fed before milking in the morning and evening hours mixed with small quantity of dry roughage and studied the feed efficiency under different season along with the practices necessary for environment synchronization under different housing conditions as shown in Table 4.
The results (Table 4) indicates that environment synchronization and poultry excreta increase feed efficiency for weight gain as well as milk production under loose housing conditions [4] described microclimate in some other types of houses for cows provide animal comfort by providing cooler atmosphere conditions which improves productivity.

Feed efficiency in crossbred cows
Twelve lactating cross bred Holder cows (62.5% cross) of third and fourth lactation were selected and maintained under different housing conditions for 21 days each as shown in Table 5. The cows were fed with concentrate mixture and roughages in the proportion of 60:40 respectively. In addition to that they were fed with 250gms of butter milk mixed with 250gms dry roughage and fed before morning and evening milking. The studies were carried out to know the feed efficiency along with certain physiological parameters as shown in Table 5 during summer months.  Table 5 indicate that animal responses like rectal temperature, respiration rate, heart rate under different housing conditions were well with norms in lactating cows [5]. The feed efficiency increased with low dry matter intake. Considerations of temperature humidity index (heat stress), feed efficiency of animals and efforts of human for environment synchronization results in butter sustainability in plant and animal agriculture [6,7]. Appropriate, well planned design and management of biological processes based on ecological systems using natural resources, which are the internal to the systems also referred agro-ecological methods caused to develop permassociation among the symbionts. Biodiversity is good for plant and animal agriculture and plant and animal agriculture is good for biodiversity.