Pre Scaling up of Chickpea Technologies at Dawa Chefa District

According to Duke [1] botanical and archeological evidence show that chickpeas were first domesticated in the Middle East and widely cultivated in India, Mediterranean area, the Middle East and Ethiopia since antiquity. Chickpea is a high-value pulse crop that is adapted to deep black soils in the cool semi-arid areas of the tropics, sub-tropics as well as the temperate areas. Chickpea is the most important leguminous food grain in the diets of people in South and West Asia and Northern Africa. The diverse biophysical and agro-climatic conditions in Ethiopia make it very suitable for growing a number of pulses and legume crops. The crop is highly integrated into the farming system and ecologically friendly for growing in many areas that suffer from soil nutrient depletion. Chickpea is one of the important pulses traded globally. The top nine chickpea exporting countries in 2007 were India, Australia, Mexico, Canada, Myanmar, Ethiopia, USA, Tanzania and Kazakhstan. Chickpea marketing system in Ethiopia is highly under developed and poorly organized. Out of the total chickpea produced only 24% supplied for both domestic and export market [2]. This implies that the nature of production is subsistence. The export market outlet is relatively new and highly variable depending on production conditions in the major importing countries in South Asia and competitiveness with other major exporters. In the long-term, Ethiopia’s competitiveness in chickpea exports would critically depend on improving productivity, enhancing grain quality and ability to consistently supply required volumes of market-preferred products at competitive prices. Evidence from participatory variety selection showed that chick pea varieties Minjar and Kasech had a greater yield potential as compared to Dessi and Kabuli types [3]. Based on Evidence from participatory variety selection, the present study has been carried out at Dawachefa district at Tuche kebele having an intension of promoting and creating wider demand of the technology in the farming community.


Introduction
According to Duke [1] botanical and archeological evidence show that chickpeas were first domesticated in the Middle East and widely cultivated in India, Mediterranean area, the Middle East and Ethiopia since antiquity. Chickpea is a high-value pulse crop that is adapted to deep black soils in the cool semi-arid areas of the tropics, sub-tropics as well as the temperate areas. Chickpea is the most important leguminous food grain in the diets of people in South and West Asia and Northern Africa. The diverse biophysical and agro-climatic conditions in Ethiopia make it very suitable for growing a number of pulses and legume crops. The crop is highly integrated into the farming system and ecologically friendly for growing in many areas that suffer from soil nutrient depletion. Chickpea is one of the important pulses traded globally. The top nine chickpea exporting countries in 2007 were India, Australia, Mexico, Canada, Myanmar, Ethiopia, USA, Tanzania and Kazakhstan. Chickpea marketing system in Ethiopia is highly under developed and poorly organized. Out of the total chickpea produced only 24% supplied for both domestic and export market [2]. This implies that the nature of production is subsistence. The export market outlet is relatively new and highly variable depending on production conditions in the major importing countries in South Asia and competitiveness with other major exporters.
In the long-term, Ethiopia's competitiveness in chickpea exports would critically depend on improving productivity, enhancing grain quality and ability to consistently supply required volumes of market-preferred products at competitive prices. Evidence from participatory variety selection showed that chick pea varieties Minjar and Kasech had a greater yield potential as compared to Dessi and Kabuli types [3]. Based on Evidence from participatory variety selection, the present study has been carried out at Dawachefa district at Tuche kebele having an intension of promoting and creating wider demand of the technology in the farming community. To create and strengthen linkage among stakeholders

Materials and Methods
A total of 17 voluntary farmers having 5.25 ha of land were selected at Tuche kebele of Dawa chefa district. Training was provided for extension agents and district experts on seed production, handling and technology package in general. 5Qt seed of Minjar variety was provided to selected farmers based on

Short Communication
Novel Techniques in Nutrition and Food Science their clustered farms. Farmers were implementing farm activities on selected experiment sites of each cluster in collaboration with extension agents. Agronomic practices such as row planting, appropriate seed rate, weeding and others have been applied by the clustered farmers. Site selection has been made by the researchers of SARC in collaboration with woreda agricultural experts and kebele agricultural extensionists but in the clustering of farmers the respective kebele and woreda agricultural officers as well as kebele leaders have highly participated.

Method of data collection
Necessary data were collected via informal discussion, DAs and farmers, field observation on farmers' fields.

Approach used for technology pre-scaling up
There are different approaches currently used for disseminating different agricultural technologies both in Ethiopia and abroad. The most commonly used approach in our circumstance is clustering approach. Cluster as the name indicates it is a group of farmers who have shared interests in which their farms are sidelined each other.
Steps followed for clustering 1. Communicating with the district office of agriculture for the appropriate site selection 2.
Verifying the selected farms by SARC team of researchers/ biological and social scientists 3.
Creating common understanding for the farmers about the technology which is going to be scaled out responsibilities to be handled and others

4.
Organizing the farmers based on their farms available in that clustered farms

Site selection
Site selection was carried out by a multi-disciplinary team of researchers, district office of agriculture and kebele DAs. Especially kebele DAs have devoted their time for this task. The study areas were kebele 014 for Meket and 017 kebele which are located in Arbit/Wadla district.

Stakeholder's analysis
It is obvious that agricultural research without multi stake holders' participation could become unsustainable. Especially agricultural extension researches can't play the role of changing the targets/ farmers without participating the beneficiaries and other stakeholders; here under it has been tried to show that who does what in accomplishing our task Sirinka agricultural research center 1 Active participation on problem identification, planning and implementation, monitoring and evaluation of activities

Results and Discussion
Farmers have taken an agreement with woreda office of agriculture to pay back the seed in kind at the end of the production season. For this MoU has been reached b/n farmers and kebele DAs. Based on that agreement initially seed from farmers had been collected and revolved for other farmers due to higher demand for the technology. In the study area farmers are familiar with producing vegetables using the irrigation water therefore chickpea seed production can be effective at irrigation season for the main cropping season .Since seed producer FREG (farmers-researcher and extension group) has been established at the irrigation scheme, the process would be easy to start. An exchange of seed with other farmers at least for five neighboring farmers had been one of the jobs done by the participant farmers for increasing technology dissemination and promotion.

Field Day
It is an inevitable that field day has a paramount role for enabling stakeholders for creating awareness about technology