Abstract

Manmade electrical circuits and chips are made of solid materials cataloged as transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, interconnects, etc., where electrons are the charge carriers running inside conductors and semiconductors, characterized with terms such as electric currents and voltages, and insulators separate conducting paths. In natural biosystems, electrical communications are also widely observed. For instance, when a brain is working, one may record complicated electrical voltage signals from an array of electrodes attached to the brain. However, natural biosystems are mainly made of soft materials such as protein, phosphorus membrane and water-based fluid. In these systems, ions of Na+, Ca2+, K+, etc. are utilized as the charge carriers instead of free electrons. How does the electrical information propagate in biosystems? Whether it propagates via ion currents [1-3], by electromechanical solitons [4], or by soliton-like electromagnetic pulsed waves [5]? This remains an open argument to date.