Rehabilitation of the Doum Palm Trees Which Damaged by War Conflict in Khokha District in the Coastal Areas

The protective effect of exogenous effectors applications against heavy metal toxicity in plants was investigated in this mini review. The exposure of plants to heavy metals caused high metal accumulation in tissues associated with increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers as well as enhanced antioxidant enzymes. Hence, exogenous effectors were effective in reducing heavy metals-induced toxicity by maintaining the redox cell status.

3. Wood is occasionally used for firewood and charcoal but more often in construction, providing supports and rafters for houses, posts for fencing and for building rafts. It can be cut by axe but is very difficult to saw due to the many fibers which make up the wood ( Figure 4&5).     4. Root fibers obtained after 2-3 days of soaking and beating of the roots are used for making fishing nets. In local medicine roots are used in treatment of schistosomiasis.
5. Sap is used to make a black dye often applied on leather.
6. The covering of the fruits is edible and sharply aromatic (hence the name Gingerbread palm) and can either be pounded off to form a powder or cut off in slices. The powder from it is often dried and then added as a flavoring agent to food.
7. Seed inside the fruit is very hard and known as (Vegetable Ivory) is having been used commercially for making buttons and small carvings, but since the introduction of plastic, demand for this has dropped. Also, the sprouted seed is edible (palm cabbage) and the charcoal from the seed kernel is traditionally used to treat sore eyes in livestock.
8. Fruit has a quite spongy wall that is very rich in carbohydrates and is a good source of iron and niacin, also fruit pulp is chewed to control hypertension. It tastes like gingerbread and when soaked in water until the pulp becomes soft and syrupy is much enjoyed by children Sweet and bitter forms of the pulp are also known.
9. The mature nuts and kernels should be ground into meal as they are very hard.
11. Nutritional Value: doum contained 7.0% ash, 15.0 % crude fiber, 0.5% fat, 3.2% crude protein. Minerals were found to be 0.13%, 0.18%, 0.09% and 3.02% for Ca, Mg, Na and K respectively. Doum extract could be an important dietary source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant and anticancer activities. Also, the pulp is known to have antioxidant properties, antimicrobial activity and can also be used in stabilizing food against oxidative deterioration.

Doum palm trees colonies
Along the western coast of Al Hodidah governorate, there are many colonies of doum palm trees, and this is reflected in the presence of communities that depend for their livelihood and mainly on these trees through finding handicrafts that depend on the products of the Doum palm trees and the effect of this on the maintenance and preservation of the Doum palm trees as they are their source of livelihood and food security.

Role of Doum palm trees in family's livelihood
1. Livelihood diversification plays an important role in improving food security 2. and income of people in rural areas.
3. The results revealed that primary source of income for majority of the Vulnerable and poor families 4. The income from Doum palm include all the income collected from selling of 5. Fruits sale and other products of Doum palm trees like baskets, beds ropes, hats.
6. Women play an important role in handicrafts relying on the Doum palm trees due to the ability of women to master these crafts such as basketry, making mats, coarse textiles, and brooms, and fishing nets.
7. The products of Doum palm were mostly prepared by the rural women at their homes.
Whereas the role of adults, girls and boys is limited to displaying handicraft products made from the various components of the doum tree plant in selling these products along the road in the West Coast at low prices that may be sufficient to sustain a living. and were either sold to local community or marketed in the urban centre.

The role of doum trees in protecting the environment
The presence of Doum tree palm colonies is accompanied by various types of natural pastures used to feed livestock, and these trees play an important role in protecting the lands in which they are located from the process of desertification, which prevents the formation of sand books in neighboring areas and main roads, as well as protecting the lands from the phenomenon of water erosion during the flow of torrents, And the protection of the wildlife present within the ecosystem in those colonies.

Statement of the problem
Doum palm tree is one of the most important trees in arid and semi-arid regions. It is considered as an important natural source of rural livelihoods in Khokha district., it is great Socio-economic concern as it also provides a wide range of products and services to local people in remote areas, by products of Doum palm are used extensively for both household and commercial purposes which provide substantial returns to rural people. the role of Doum palm in sustainable livelihoods of farmers living in marginal areas of developing country.
More than five hundred families in Khokah district depend on Doum trees in their livelihoods and food security for decades, the number of Doum palm trees in Khokha district Approximately between 20000 -30000 trees.
As a result of manufacturing various products from the leaves, fibers and fruits of the Doum palm trees which started to generate income for families working with Doum palm tree products, although there are acute shortages of Doum trees due to the war previous crisis in the Khokha district.
Most of doum trees are damaged as a result of the air strikes and the existing war in the Red Sea coast, all families which used Doum trees in their livelihood lost their income, they became vulnerable families and many children from these families left schools to search for a living.
The war led to the loss of a large number of Doum trees as a result of the aerial bombardment and the presence of landmines and the effect of this on the environment of the Doum trees and their biodiversity, the emergence of indicators of desertification and the weak growth of salt-tolerant grazing plants in the Doum colonies and the effect of this on the process of grazing livestock and the livelihood of families working on Doum trees.
The Proposal was conducted to generate information role of Doum palm in improving livelihoods of rural people in Khokha district.

Justifications
1. Doum palm trees are considering national wealth and skill trees as compared with other plants.
2. Protection of Doum palm trees colonies from extinction 3. source of livelihood and food security for rural communities 4. protection of natural rangelands from Degradation.
5. Protection of livestock's from fodder shortage in the pasture.