Analysis of Performance of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum) Variety under Chemical Fertilizers use in Bhairahawa, Nepal

Climate refers to the average weather conditions in a place over Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) commonly known as gram or Bengal gram is one of the important pulse crops of Nepal. It is a winter season crop covering 9274 ha area with the production of 9408Mt. in Nepal [1]. It is second most important pulse crop after lentil and predominantly grown under rain fed conditions. The yield levels on the cultivator’s fields are very low mainly because improved production technology is not used. The national productivity of chickpea is thus only 990kg/ha.


Introduction
Climate refers to the average weather conditions in a place over Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) commonly known as gram or Bengal gram is one of the important pulse crops of Nepal. It is a winter season crop covering 9274 ha area with the production of 9408Mt. in Nepal [1]. It is second most important pulse crop after lentil and predominantly grown under rain fed conditions. The yield levels on the cultivator's fields are very low mainly because improved production technology is not used. The national productivity of chickpea is thus only 990kg/ha. Check pea was leading pulse crop of Nepal until early 1980's. However, the trend reversed and the production of check pea came to fifth place after Lentil, grass pea, black gram and pigeon pea. The descending trajectory of check pea was due to its susceptibility to several diseases and insect pest. Chickpea is mainly used for human consumption as well as for feeding animals. It is used as 'Dal' in split form. Whole fried or boiled seeds of chickpea are also eaten. Husk and bits of 'Dal' are used as nutritious feed for animals. Green leaves of chickpea are used as vegetable (sag). Grains are also used as vegetable (chhole). Flour is used in the preparation of various sweets. It is also mixed with wheat flour for 'chapati' making. Chickpea can also be used as green fodder. Its straw is an excellent fodder for animals.
The application of cattle dung manure (FYM) + vermincompost give highest seed yield of chickpea compared to other organic combination [2]. Increase in grain yield of chickpea with the application of various nutrients could be due to improvement in plant growth and yield attributes such as pods per plant, seeds per pod and leaf area index [3]. Application of farmyard manure and poultry manure in combination with inorganic NPK fertilizers show positive effect on chickpea plant height, number of branches/ plant, number of pods/plant and seed index. The growth and yield of chickpea significantly increases with the collective application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures [4].

Methodology
The research was conducted in the Agronomy field IAAS, Paklihawa Campus Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal. The late season variety of chickpea was used in the research. There were two treatments and three replications of the treatments. For the evaluation of the yield of chickpea with different treatments responses at given environmental condition, check pea was planted in 6 plots of each 4m x 3m. The chickpea was sown with the use of recommended fertilizers above and maintained cultural practices. Seeds free from seed borne diseases and seeds of weeds, viable and certified seed were used for the cultivation. 88 gram of seed for 4×3m 2 plot maintaining 40cm row distance and 8cm plant distance with 2 seeds per hill. The depth of sowing was maintained 5cm [5]. Fertilizer dose 20:40:20 NPK kg/ha was applied in three plots while in three plots only recommended dose (6ton/ha) of FYM was applied (Table 1) (Figure 1).  The weeds were prominently spread all over the plot from early stage of growth of chickpea. Some common weeds grown were Chenopodium album, Vicia sativa, Cynodon dactylon, Anagalis arvensis and Halhale. No chemicals were used and manual weeding was done to control weeds ( Figure 2).
Following yield attributing characters were observed and analyses were done using MS-excel and SPSS tools.

Result and Discussion
The average plant height and no. of branches per plants are presented in (Table 1). The average plant height was found to be 15.09cm under chemical fertilizer application and 14.5cm under normal condition of FYM application. The no. of branches per plant was found 5 and 4 under chemical fertilizer application and FYM application respectively (Table 2).     Average no. of leaves, leaf rea and leaf area index (LAI) under different treatment condition is presented in table below ( Table  2). Though average total leaf area and leaf area index was found higher under chemical fertilizers use due to large sized leaves, the average no. of leaves was found equal in both treatments [6] ( Figure  3). Higher LAI of 4.13 was observed under chemical fertilizers use than under FYM use i.e. 3.20 ( Table 3). The average yield and harvesting index under two conditions is presented in (Table 3). Higher harvesting index (HI) was obtained under chemical fertilizer use than in FYM use. Average yield of 34.16gm/m2 under use of chemical fertilizers and 25gm/m 2 under FYM use was observed (Table 4).

Conclusion
The research study was aimed at finding performance of the check pea under different conditions. The result from this research shows that the overall performance of check pea was found better under chemical fertilizer application though pest infestation was high under chemical fertilizer application. The leaf area index under NPK application was found 4.13 compared to 3.2 under FYM application [7]. The average yield and harvesting index under chemical fertilizer application are 410gm and 19.43% respectively. Higher harvesting index (HI) and average yield suggest check pea perform better under chemical fertilizer application than in FYM [8][9].