Quercetin- A Mini Review

It is a 3, 5, 7, 3, 4-pentahydroxyflavon having the five hydroxyl groups placed at five different positions. [9] The chemical structure and different derivatives of quercetin presents in different food sources such as, Mango, plums, cranberry, blueberry, chokeberry, Buckwheat, honey, beans, lettuce, chicory, onion in different amount. Quercetin 3-O-galactoside, Quercetin 3-O-glucoside, Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, Quercetin 7-O-glucoside, Quercetin 3-O-diglucoside and Quercetin 3-methyl ether are some derivatives that have been discovered in different plants [10-12] (Table 1 & Figure 1).

Table 1: Some important derivatives of quercetin and their food sources.

Figure 1: Chemical structure of quercetin.

Quercetin is one of the most abundant food based flavonoids present in various edible vegetables, fruit and wine [13]. Quercetin contents present in different plants sources are categorized in different categories such as, vegetable, fruit, plant, herb, shrub, beverage and others [14-16]. The most prominent sources of quercetin is canned capers 180.76mg/100g (Table 2). It has different medicinal benefits against brain disorder, renal injury, cardiovascular diseases, blood pressure, cancer, bacterial activity, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, arthritis and asthma [17-19]. Medicinal benefits of quercetin with effective dose concentrations presented in Table 3 [20-22].

Table 2: Various food sources and quercetin contents (mg/100g).

Table 3: Medicinal benefits of quercetin with effective dose concentrations.

Quercetin generally exist in the edible plants and mostly used to manufacturing of traditional medicine to relieve some type of diseases [23-25]. In some recent studies quercetin exerts its biological properties in vivo. Overall, the best source of quercetin is canned carpers with 180.76mg/100g and followed by raw lovage leave with 170.01mg/100g [26-28].

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3. Zeng W, Wang SY (2003) Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokenberries and lingonberries. J Agric Food Chem 51(2): 502-509.
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13. Materska M, Perucka I, Stochmal A, Piacente S, Oleszek W (2003) Quantitative and qualitative determination of flavonoids and phenolic acid derivatives from pericarp of hot pepper fruit cv. Bronowicka Ostra. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 12(suppl 2): 72-76.
14. Lu J, Zhenga YL, Luoc L, Wu DM, Suna D, et al. (2006) Quercetin reverses d-galactose induced neurotoxicity in mouse brain. Behav Brain Res 171(2): 251-260.
15. Naidu PS, Kulkarni SK (2004) Quercetin, a bioflavonoid, reverses haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 26(5): 323-326.
16. Patil CS, Singh VP, Satyanarayan PSV, Jain NK, Singh A, et al. (2003) Protective Effect of Flavonoids against Aging- and Lipopolysaccharide- Induced Cognitive Impairment in Mice. Pharmacology 69(2): 59-67.
17. Singh D, Chander V, Chopra K (2004) Quercetin, a Bioflavonoid, Attenuates Ferric Nitrilotriacetate-Induced Oxidative Renal Injury in Rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 27(2): 145-156.
18. Loke WM, Hodgson JM, Proudfoot JM, McKinley JA, Puddey IB, et al. (2008) Pure dietary flavonoids quercetin and (-)-epicatechin augment nitric oxide products and reduce endothelin-1 acutely in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 88(4): 1018-1025.
19. Zahedi M, Ghiasvand R, Feizi A, Asgari G, Darvish L (2013) Does Quercetin Improve Cardiovascular Risk factors and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Prev Med 4(7): 777-785.
20. Edwards RL, Lyon T, Litwin SE, Rabovsky A, Symons JD, et al. (2007) Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. J Nutr 137(11): 2405-2411.
21. Srivastava S, Ranganatha R, Somasagara, Hegde M, Nishana M, et al. (2016) Quercetin, a Natural Flavonoid Interacts with DNA, Arrests Cell Cycle and Causes Tumor Regression by Activating Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis.
22. Shu Y, Liu Y, LiL F, Lou B, Zhou X, et al. (2011) Antibacterial activity of quercetin on oral infectious pathogens. 5(30): 5358-5361.
23. Rivera L, Moron R, Sanchez M, Zarzuelo A, Galisteo M (2008) Quercetin ameliorates metabolic syndrome and improves the inflammatory status in obese Zucker rats. Obesity 16(9): 2081-2087.
24. Kim JH, Kang MJ, Choi HN, Jeong SM, Lee YM, et al. (2011) Quercetin attenuates fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in animal models of diabetes mellitus. Nutr Res Pract 5(2): 107-111.
25. Torres PM, Ortiz AR, Villalobos MR, Singh N, Medina FJL, et al. (2010) A comparative study of flavonoid analogues on streptozotocin- nicotinamide induced diabetic rats: quercetin as a potential antidiabetic agent acting via 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibition. Eur. J Med Chem 45(6): 2606-2612.
26. Dias AS, Porawski M, Alonso M, Marroni N, Pilar S, et al. (2005) Quercetin decreases oxidative stress, NF-kB activation, and iNOS overexpression in liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Nutr 135(10): 2299-2304.
27. Harrison A, Ross Cooper R (2008) Quercetin: health benefits with relevance to TNF-a-linked inflammatory diseases. J Pre-clinical & clinical Res 2(2): 97-101.
28. Townsend EA, Emala CW (2013) Quercetin acutely relaxes airway smooth muscle and potentiates p-agonist-induced relaxation via dual phosphodiesterase inhibition of PLCp and PDE4. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 305(5): 396-403.