Crimson Publishers Publish With Us Reprints e-Books Video articles

Full Text

Investigations in Gynecology Research & Womens Health

Essure® Permanent Sterilization: Is it time to Pass the Page?

Carugno Jose*

Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of Miami, USA

*Corresponding author: Carugno Jose, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA, Email: tonycarugno@yahoo.com

Submission: September 19, 2017; Published: October 12, 2017

DOI: 10.31031/IGRWH.2017.01.000503

ISSN: 2577-2015
Volume1 Issue1

Editorial

Permanent sterilization is the second most common contraceptive method used by women in the United States [1]. In 2002, a hysteroscopic permanent sterilization option was made available: The Essure® System. It consists of a set of 2 coil designated to induce fallopian tube fibrosis and subsequent tubal occlusion. Three months after placement, the tubal occlusion is confirmed with a hysterosalpingogram which will then ensuretubal blockage [2]. The coils could be inserted in an office setting with no anesthesia or only minor sedation, providing a safe alternative avoiding the need for surgical intervention. According to the FDA, Essure® sterilization is 99.8% effective at permanently preventing pregnancy over 5 years.

Over the last few years, the Essure® has been an ongoing target for litigation, complaints and adverse publicity. Recently a group of women who claim had adverse effects after placement of Essure® demanded the withdrawal of the device off the market. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has received many reports of adverse effects, which include: chronic pelvic pain (26%), fatigue (27%), hair loss (20%), heavy menstrual periods (14%), depression (14%) and method failure resulting in undesired pregnancy. Similarly, there are social networking groups who support these claims, including one lead by a famous activist Erin Brockovich.

As of June 2015, a total of 5093 adverse event reports related to Essure® had been reported to MAUDE. In September 2015, the FDA hosted a meeting of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Advisory Board Committee to address the increase of reported adverse events related to the use of Essure®. The FDA concluded that there was insufficient objective evidence to support to remove Essure® off the market, however, required a black box warning for the device and ordered further postmarked research to compare Essure® safety and efficacy to laparoscopic tubal sterilization [3].

To establish a positive correlation between Essure® insertion and any given side effect, it must be demonstrated that the incidence of the specific symptom is higher in patients who underwent Essure® insertion than in the general population. There are many confounders that must be taken into consideration before concluding that a given symptom is related to an intervention.

Heavy menstrual bleeding

A frequently reported complication is the presence of heavy menstrual bleeding after having Essure® inserted. It is important to consider that many patients were using hormonal contraceptives or had a levonorgestrel IUD as their form of contraception before having Essure® inserted, so their menstrual cycles were medically controlled. After Essure® insertion many patients stop using the hormonal treatment which may result in heavy menstrual bleeding. There is no scientific evidence to support higher incidence of heavy menstrual bleeding after placement of Essure®.

Chronic pelvic pain

Another frequently reported complaint ischronic pelvic pain (CPP). The prevalence of CPP in the general population is 3.5 % [4]. When considering that more than 800,000 Essure® had been placed it is expected that approximately 28,000 women who carry the Essure® would have CPP. However, in some cases it has been noted, the pain resolves with removal of Essure®, which is particularly true when CPP appears after insertion of the device [5]. Moreover, history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), have been linked to an increased incidence of chronic pelvic pain, which makes patient with history of PID not ideal candidates for Essure®. It is important to acknowledge that the present of a foreign body can cause pain, so when a patient reports pelvic pain after insertion of Essure®, the gynecologist should investigate the cause of pelvic pain. In the absence of a reason for the pain the Essure® implants must be removed. Essure® removal can be done by laparoscopy or using a hysteroscopy approach [6]. It is recommended to offer laparoscopic bilateral salpingectomy to ensure effective permanent sterilization after removal of the devices.

Nickel allergy

Nickel allergy, has been reported in approximately 15% of normal female population [7]. Most women who are allergic to nickel and do not know it. Therefore, if the nickel contained in the Essure® device produces an allergic reaction in all patients with nickel hypersensitivity who had Essure®, this type of allergic reaction would have affected over 100,000 women butonly a very small number of women have reported nickel allergy symptoms after Essure® insertion.

Safety during insertion

Safety during insertion was also questioned by the FDA. Franchini et al. [5] reported 4 uterine perforations in 1968 women who has Essure® inserted. (0.2%) A very difficult and painful insertion suggests the possibility of perforation. All gynecologists should master the insertion technique before attempting insertion without supervision to decrease chance of perforation. The presence of excruciating pain during or immediately after the insertion should alert the provider and consider uterine perforation as the cause of the pain. Chudnoff S et al. [8] reported a 5 years follow-up study, revealed no new safety issue or higher incidence of complication from the ones already known and described in the insertion package instructions for use of Essure®.

Conclusión

Evidence based support linking the use of Essue® to adverse events when placed in appropriate selected candidates is lacking. Adequate patient selection and thorough inform consent describing in detail and comprehensively possible complications in the short and long term as well as the actions to take for resolution is strongly encouraged before inserting Essure®.

References

  1. Worldwide AAMIG (2016) AAGL Advisory Statement: Essure Hysteroscopic Sterilization. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 23(5): 658-659.
  2. Dhruva SS, Ross JS, Gariepy AM (2015) Revisiting Essure--Toward Safe and Effective Sterilization. N Engl J Med 373(15): e17.
  3. Walter JR, Ghobadi CW, Hayman E, Xu S (2017) Hysteroscopic Sterilization With Essure: Summary of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Actions and Policy Implications for Postmarketing Surveillance. Obstet Gynecol 129(1): 10-19.
  4. Steege JF, Siedhoff MT (2014) Chronic pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol 124(3): 616-629.
  5. Franchini M, Zizolfi B, Coppola C, Bergamini V, Bonin C, et al. (2017) Essure Permanent Birth Control, Effectiveness and Safety: An Italian 11- Year Survey. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 24(4): 640-645.
  6. Clark NV, Rademaker D, Mushinski AA, Ajao MO, Cohen SL, Einarsson JI (2017) Essure Removal for the Treatment of Device-Attributed Symptoms: An Expanded Case Series and Follow-up Survey. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 24(6): 971-976.
  7. Ahlstrom MG, Thyssen JP, Menne T, Johansen JD (2017) Prevalence of nickel allergy in Europe following the EU Nickel Directive- a review. Contact Dermatitis 77(4): 193-200.
  8. Chudnoff SG, Nichols JE, Levie M (2015) Hysteroscopic Essure Inserts for Permanent Contraception: Extended Follow-Up Results of a Phase III Multicenter International Study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 22(6): 951- 960.

© 2017 Carugno Jose. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.