Energy Producing and Consumption in Georgia

The paper investigates the energy balance of Georgia. To that end, the production and consumption of fuel and energy resources are analyzed for the 26-year period of independence of Georgia. The analysis is done by categories of energy resources and main sectors of industry. Data regarding the export and import of energy resources and level and dynamics of covering country’s consumption by local production is provided. The energy balance of Georgia suggests that in Georgia there are some achievements as challenges. Positively can be assessed the fact that during 2013-2017 years, aggregated energy balance of Georgia was carried out, while it was not possible for the fast 20 years. Another achievement can be seen, an increase of renewable energy resources in energy production structure [1].


Role and importance
a) Energy Balance (EB) in Georgia is of great importance.b) Most significant material balances are fuel and energy balances which comprise all types of fuel and energy resources differing by origin and types of consumption and enable to determine amount and structure of producing and consuming such resources [5].

c)
Energy balances are reflected in the amounts and structure of the fuel and energy consumption within industrial structures that points out economic growth and industrial development level of the country.
b. Energy Balances have not been drawn up in Georgia approximately for 22 years.(1991-2012) (Figure 1).c.The cause was the fact that statistical forms approved during the period of planned economy differed from International forms of statistics approved for similar reasons.
d.In 1991-2012, there was no statistics of energy balance of Georgia, the author, Demur Chomakhidze, with his own initiative carried out statistics of EB.
e.With the help of international organizations, significant changes took place in Georgia in 2013-2014.Particularly, GEO-Stat targeted at developing energy balances in compliance with international standards.3 Publications have been issued [6] (Table 1).
f.During the transition period (1991-1995) energy generation and consumption were characterized by a decreasing trend.

It is clearly demonstrated that
i.
The consumption of energy resources of Georgia in the period of the independence of Georgia increased more than the energy generation [8].
ii.The rate of energy resources consumption has gradually improved where as in the first years of the transition period the energy resources were wasted that was typical for the Soviet period [9].

Balance of the last decades the aggregated energy balance
A. In the last 2013-2017, the energy sector has undergone significant quantitative and qualitative changes: a.The rate of growth of the country's economy.
b.The condition of the world economic and energy markets (Table 2 and Figure 2).
B. Formation of fuel and energy complex oriented on own resources and expanding the use of hydro and other renewable resources.F. In 2013-2015 local production was reduced due to the reduction of coal, crude oil, biofuel and wastes and has increased due to increasing of natural gas, hydropower, geothermal power, solar power etc.The trend continues 2016-2017 in years [11].

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Electricity balance (Table 3)  In 2015, the share of import in gross domestic supply has reached 80.9%.Electricity export from Georgia is mainly carried out in spring and summer [12].In 2015, Energy resource manufacturing and domestic supply decreased a little.Final consumption increased a little.During this analyzing period, especially in the last years there isn't shortage in electricity balance (Figure 3).
Country exports certain amount of electricity.In 2005-2015, electricity exports increased 5.4 times, while import reduced by half.As for the electricity generation and consumption, in these years the first one increased by 57.4% and the second one by 35.4%.The main part of electricity generation (78%, 2015) comes from hydropower plants while technical capability of our country's rich hydro resources is utilized only by 12.3% in this year.In 2016 electric energy production increased by 7% and reached the Maximum level (11.6 billon kWh) Export 2016 (Figure 4).
The same situation is in all segments of energy sector.It should be especially noted that despite serious deficit, energy intensity and electricity intensity of Gross domestic product (GDP) in Georgia are higher than in other countries.Reduction of energy intensity of GDP is an important reserve for improvement of energy balance.
In Georgia, energy usage is not in a right way.Namely, 3-4 times more energy is consumed on GDP, than in developed countries.And this causes a big energy balance deficit.For a deep energy balance analysis, developing an econometric modeling would be useful that should be carried out in near future.
g.During 1991e1995 energy generation decreased by 2.3 times, end-use by 7.1 times [7].h.During 1996-2000 the energy.Generation increased by 51.7% and 19%.The deficit decrease trend is still going on.

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. Formation of a favorable investment environment, formation of the complex based on the energy of the future [10].D. In 2004-2015 production of energy resources has increased by 37.1% and final consumption by 92.2%.E. Share of local resources in gross supply of fuel and energy resources has decreased (from 40.2-28.2%).

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Balance of electric of Georgia in 2005-2015 years.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: In 2016 electric energy production increased by 7% and reached the Maximum level (11.6 billon kWh) Export 2016.