Abstract

Coastal regions are unique, dynamic and ecologically sensitive regions where land and water meet.They are rich in biodiversity. Coastal and estuarine ecosystems around the world cover only 6% of the global surface, yet they contribute almost 38% of the total estimated global value of ecosystem services. Currently, coastal and marine ecology is facing various human induced ecological challenges such as extreme changes in temperature, increase in sea level, erratic rainfall, shifting climatic zone, habitat degradation, mangrove and coral reefs degradation and destruction, overfishing, sewage disposal, oil spills and solid waste disposal with most destructive being plastic waste; leaving a detrimental and irreversible change to the natural resource.