Feasibility Study of Establishing a Granite Aggregate Quarry at Gidan Tagwaye, Dutse Local Government Area of Jigawa State Establishing

The proposed project will meet the developmental needs of the surrounding community without causing any negative influence on the environment. The establishment of granite quarry in Gidan Tagwaye will pose a positive impact on the socio-economics of the area and lead to overall sustainable development of the region. The study establishes the two major important costs; the capital cost which is put at N 456, 203,000 and the operating cost which is put at N 64.049,205. The equipment necessary for the take-off of the quarry and the number of staffs which will be required to run activities in the quarry to make production possible were determined. Furthermore, the cash flow analysis for a period of ten years was carried out at the production rate of 72,533m 3 at the first year and the profit at the tenth year was put as N225, 863,959.


Introduction
In Nigeria, mining of solid minerals accounts for just 0.2% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a result of the effect of its huge oil resources [1]. The local mining industry is not fully developed and hence, Nigeria results to importing minerals which it could produce domestically. The right to own mineral resources is held by the government of Nigeria that grants titles to organizations to explore, mine, and sell mineral resources. Nigeria is greatly endowed with vast deposit of mineral resources that can be harnessed towards industrial and technological development to improve the quality of life of the masses [2,3]. Granite is among the minerals deposit in this Nation. Granite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed primarily of light-coloured minerals. Crushed granites are small chips of granite, used as a base layer for paving. They are rock-aggregate used in building and general construction [2]. In Southwestern region of Nigeria, the estimated demand in 2008 for granite chipping was 24.2 million tons while the total production was around 18 million tons leaving a supply difference of 6.2 million tons. This translates to an annual market size of over N 48 billion [4]. The supply gap has been discovered to continue to increase as construction activities in the region continue to grow at a faster rate than the increase in production of granites. According to The Netherlands Development Finance Company (FMO) Nigeria's housing deficit to date is 17 million housing units on a total population of over 140 million with virtually no organized mortgage market.
Also, infrastructural development most especially with the Federal Government commitment is expected to further increase demand for granite aggregates which are major input in the construction industry [4]. The quarry will be involved in the processing of rocks into granites aggregates including stones and sand dust. The stones output will be of various sizes from ¾ inch to less than ½ inch (stones) and are rich in both quartz and K-feldspar which are standardize sizes in the construction industry. of commercial viability of the project. The objective of feasibility study is to clarify the basic factors that govern the establishment of the mine process. The conclusion of a feasibility study recommendation is either to continue with the project, delay it for development or abandon it. Furthermore, the study can recommend for a detail work to be carried out on the deposit so as to acquire more information about the deposit. Once all the factors relative to the project have been defined, an attempt is made to quantify as many variables as much as possible in order to arrive at a potential value.
The feasibility study or intermediate economic study depend on increasing amount of data pertaining to geological information, plans for mining and processing facilities and initial estimated of project revenues and costs. The Intermediate economic studies of this type will contain information and analysis like project description, geology of the deposit, method of mining and processing transportation, labour requirements, environmental protection, legal consideration economic analysis which includes cost estimates for plant and equipment infrastructure, materials, labour, other factors; market analysis, including production, consumption and product market survey; revenue forecasts base on expected production and mineral prices [5]. Feasibility study also presents detail analysis of all the parameters contained in the intermediate economic studies, along with other important factors relating to political and legal aspects affecting project viability. It is to assess the technical and viability of the project and to assist in making decision on whether to delay, on with or abandon the project development and exploitation [6].
There are two types of expenses which are essential and should be rightly distinguished when preparing feasibility studies of mine.
These expenses are the capital and the operating cost. Operating costs are considered to be all day to day incurred in the process of operating the mine. The capital cost or fixed cost are those expenditures made to acquire or develop capital assets, the benefit of which will be derived over several years. The largest portion of capital cost incurred at the initial stages of the project start up, but some capital expenditures are incurred annually throughout the life of the mine. The estimation of cost and capital cost for mining project is extremely difficult and with great care [7]. This work however aims to establish the economic and technical viability of development and exploitation of granite outcrop at Gidan Tagwaye Village, Dutse Local Government area of Jigawa state, and also analyze the capital and operating cost, and methods of extraction to establish if it should be abandoned, delayed, or developed.

Geology of the study area
The Rock-out-crop at Gidan Tagwaye Village belongs to the older granite of the Northern Nigeria, which is underlain by the Precambrian Basement Complex rock. Porphyritic granite is the most common Basement rocks and intrudes both magnetite and metal sediments. The older granite, pegmatite, aplite, and granodiorite can be found in this area. The older granite occupies the whole Area and the most common of them is the porphyritic granite, granodiorite and aplite are available [8]. Pegmatite is widely distributed throughout the Precambrian basement complex of the Northern Nigeria [4]. Those of Gidan Tagwaye are part of the pegmatite Northern Nigeria, they are extremely coarse Igneous bodies closely weathered and is spaced to large masses plutonic rocks, they are found in veins and dykes traversing the granular Igneous rock, but most commonly extends out from it into the surrounding country rock which occurs in scattered form. They consist of quartz. Feldspar and Muscovite [9].
It also forms part of the crystalline Basement Complex rock and it is the most widely spread rock in this area. They have elliptical to elongated shape, which is seen to be related to the tersian emplacement. It is made up of feldspar with potash. Feldspar dominating plagioclase quartz, biotite, and small percentage of other minerals.
The feldspar and quartz are predominant. The bonds between the mineral and grain are rigid and elastic [4]. Two textures may be observed, even grain or granular or granite texture. In porphirtic texture, phenocryst features or geologic structures; that is, the mutual setting of extremely similar parts of a rock which indicates the way rocks respond the application of deformation forces and the structures resulting from the deformation. Joint field and foliation like structure are present in GidanTagwaye coarse porphyritic granite rock but less degree pegmatite veins can be seen here and forming sets of veins called joints system in two opposite directions [4]. This invariably means its distance from town and lack of good accessible road will directly increase the cost of transportation to the town or point of use. And also affect the cost of production, the selling price and revenue at the end production.

Location and accessibility of the project site
The social factor: The availability of labour and the type of labour need and available at a point in time is very important. The availability of skilled labour to mount the different machines and handle them properly and correctly will directly affect the rate of productivity in the site, which will affect maximization of profit.

Demand and Supply:
In fact, this factor is very important because no mining work will be carried our if the market condition is not well established. The marketability of the product should be known in terms specification, the purchasers and purchase levels.
The expected price and trends, competitive cost levels and sales characteristics.
Granite is a rock deposit which mostly finds its origin particularly to igneous rock, but evidence has shown that some granite rocks are found to originate from metamorphism. The petrologists regard granite as a visible crystalline rock with interlocking texture which is composed essentially of some important minerals such as: Alkaline Feldspar, mica and quartz [4]. Granites that find their origin to igneous rock are generated at the convergent plates boundaries where the oceanic lithosphere (the outer layer of the earth crust and upper mantle) is sub-ducted so that its edge is below the edge of the continental plate or another oceanic plate. The formation of granite is often envisioned as two stages of process which include; a. Partial melting of lower crust b. Sub-ducted oceanic material to form magma of andesitic composition [4].
Due to the presence of these minerals, granite was found to be of economic importance. Granite is used for construction of roads and bridges, buildings, dam, drainages, and for making glasses and tiles for both interior and exterior decorations [2,3]. Quarrying is a method of surface mining which involves drilling and blasting op-erations or activities. This method of surface mining is used in the extraction of metallic and non-metallic ore or minerals deposit that are of economic viability. The example of metallic ore minerals in which quarrying method is used to extract is iron ore (Hematite, , while for the non-metallic minerals are granite and coal etc.
Quarrying is the most expensive surface mining and is highly selective, and also sometimes on a small-scale production depending on size of the mine and the deposit [11]. Quarrying is divided into two methods namely; a.
Manual or artisanal method of quarrying b.

Mechanized method of quarrying
The artisanal technique of quarrying is characterized with the use of simple and local tools and with a low rate of production. The method usually has no direction and quarry face, the work is done from exposed face and where cracks exist. The granite rock is weak- re-blasted after holes have been placed using secondary drillers, such as hand held drill (Jack-hammer). The broken granite is been loaded into the truck trailer and is transported to the crusher. Then the crusher is used to crush the granite into different sizes [11]. and their physical conditions. The site was also studied to enable good planning of the quarry site and situating the crusher plant at a very good and convenient place.

Valuation of the outcrops
The valuation of the outcrops involved fieldwork and survey to establish the tonnage and reserves of the outcrops based on data collected or obtained during the survey and fieldwork. These data were used to calculate the areas, volumes and then the tonnage of the outcrops [12].

Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA)
Since quarrying activities generally pose adverse effects on the environment, the EIA was conducted, and measures were taking to mitigate the effects.

Economic evaluation
The information on the cash flow rate, time value for money and mining design plan work were determined.

Presentation of results
The volume and then the tonnage of the outcrops can be calculated when the Area has been obtained. The volume computations and tonnage of Area showed below (Table 1).

Quarry layout
The quarry layout is the location and position of the surface plants and the access road into the quarry. The diagram below shows the proposed quarry layout of the outcrops, this is otherwise known as the design of the mine site. The layout of the quarry is shown in Figure 8. Then the form is carefully and dully filled with all necessary information demanded for well stated [13,14]. The form must be submitted in triplicate back to the Mining Cadastre office and the applicant of the quarry lease making a payment of non-refundable processing fee of N100,000.00. When the applicant pays the processing fee on submission of the application form, the submitted application shall be assigned with an identifying code and registered with the date, hour and minute stated in the priority register dully signed and a copy is given to the applicant as application certificate. The time that it will take for processing the quarry lease is not later than forty-five days of filling application as stated in [10]. Also, the overall area of the quarry lease that can be applied for should not exceed five square kilometers [10]. When the mineral license is granted ap-

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Planning must account for both environmental protections, beginning as early as the initial exploration, and for reclamation. It is critical that lining alleviate or mitigate potential impacts of mining for two key reasons which are mentioned below [15,16].
a. The cost of environmental protection is minimized by incorporating it into the initial design rather than performing remedial measures to compensate for design deficiencies.

b.
Negative publicity or poor public relations may have severe economic consequences.
From the start of the planning process, adequate consideration will be given to regulatory affairs. The cost of compliance may be significantly reduced when taken into account in the design or planning process, in a pro-active manner, rather than being addressed on an ad-hoc basic as problem develops or enforcement actions occur. The environmental impact assessment regulations are found in the section; 119 of [15]. Where the holder of the quarry lease has to ensure compliance with the provision of the section, one of its provision is that an environmental impact assessment statement ap- c.
Cost estimate for each specific rehabilitation and reclamation action.

d.
A timetable of the orderly and efficient rehabilitation and reclamation of the mineral title area to a safe and environmental sound condition suitable for future economic development or recreation use.
These provisions are found in the sub-section 1 of section 120 of [15].

Facilities for environmental management
Generally building stone quarrying is expected to cause air pollution leading to breathing problems. Activities like drilling, blasting, excavation and movement of heavy vehicles cause dust and worsen air pollution in addition to noise pollution. For mitigating the adverse impacts of the above, suitable control measures are planned and they include: For activities like drilling, dust suppression etc. water will be required. Also, for meeting the drinking and sanitary needs of the employees/workers, water will be required.
For the disposal of the sanitary wastewater (sewage), septic tank with soak pit will be constructed at a suitable place, within close vicinity of the proposed area. To take care of the occupational health and safety of workers at site, engaged at strategic locations/dust generation points like loading and unloading points, dust masks will be provided. Dust masks will prevent inhalation of Respirable Particulate Matter and hence, minimize the hazard of lung diseases and other respiratory disorders. Regular health monitoring of workers will be examined.
The solid waste that might be generated from the proposed activity will be mainly from the excavation process. This will be in the form of flakes or irregular shape. This will be collected and broken into pieces and can be sold as aggregates for civil works, because of its hard nature. Most of the area is of sheet rock and the present proposed work is confined to sheet rocks. Less than 5% of materials are being treated as waste in this area. The rejected waste material will be stacked in the Waste Dump. A JCB will be used to remove the over burden from the surface. When the dump reaches optimum height, suitable greenery will be grown on this dump to stabilize them. In addition, as a proactive measure, the following activities will be initiated: a. The rainwater accumulating in the work area will be collected and will be drained-out to the downstream properly with guide drains, so that it can be utilized by the downstream fields for their agriculture and allied purposes. b.
To avoid soil erosion, rainwater entering into the mine pit, carryover of the material with rainwater, suitable garland drains will be provided all along the active mine area.

Economic evaluation
Capital cost: The capital cost is the point where huge and larger part of investment of the company is made and this includes the; cost of equipment ( Table 2), cost of infrastructure (Table 3), cost of furniture and cost of vehicles ( Table 4). The capital cost is summarized in (Table 5).    Cost of infrastructure: These are structures that will be constructed on the mine field for the smooth running of the quarry. The structures include the administrative block and others.

Cost of furniture:
The estimated cost of furnishing the administrative block is given to be N 7, 000, 000.00.
Operating cost: The operating cost involves the daily cost of running the quarry and total expenditure of production. It is illustrated in (Tables 6-8).     (Table 9).  The estimated cost of acquisition of title is shown in (Table 10).
Therefore, the total rent and royalties is equal to N 2,304,000+ N 150,000= N 2,454,000.00

Depreciation of equipment:
The depreciation of all the equipment in the Mine before they are been replaced. With a good maintenance, it is assumed that the life span of the equipment is fifteen years. Then the depreciation of the equipment per annum can be calculated using the formula by [7] given below: Assuming the life span of equipment is fifteen years, then the depreciation is calculated below.

= N 24,580,200
Depreciation of infrastructures: Taking the depreciation on infrastructures to be 10% of its original value per annum [15].  (Tables 11 & 12). And also, the buildings should be insured against fire accidents and collapsing. The tariffs rate is as follows.  The peculiarity with mining project is that the production rate does not reach optimum at the first year of production. And in quarry operation the production level is usually met at least 75% of the total intended rate of production for the first few years. The intended production of granite aggregate in this project is 200 ton per hour. (Table 13) shows the projected income for ten years. Cash flow analysis: The (Table 14) above shows the net income at the end of each year which is a positive income but the interest on the money loaned or from investors are not being removed yet which should be accounted for from the net profit. Assumed the sum of £4 500 million was loaned to start the quarry and put it in operation, and the interest rate of 15% is put on the money loaned annually. The cash flow analysis is shown in (Table 15).  Present value of cash flow: The cash flow for the ten years as calculated in (Table 15) using the discount rate of 15%. Form the formula shown below; the present value of cash in (Table 15)

Conclusion
The granite deposit at Gidan Tagwaye, Dutse Local government area of Jigawa state, when quarried for the production of granite has a life time of twenty-five years with the production rate of 72,533,33m 3 per year. The estimated capital cost N456, 203,000 is required sunk capital and the operating cost of N64,049,250 yearly.
The project has a payback period of two years before tax. Furthermore, the sum of 500(million) can be sourced from the commercial bank as loan to finance the project at the rate of 15%. At the end of the payback period, the profit yield at the third year is N4290, 915,344 and the first ten years profit value is at N255, 863.959.

Recommendation
There has been increase in demand of aggregate stones due to increase in the construction of infrastructures within the country and the state in particular which is owed to development. Based on the data and information obtained from the findings, it will be profitable if these outcrops are quarried to produce aggregate stones. It will be good to know the mineralogical composition of the granite deposit; so as to really known the state and elemental composition to further establish its utilization.