Improved Structural and Optical Properties Of C(Carbon)-Supported Zno Nanorod Arrays on

We have fabricated as-grown ZnO nanorods (NRs) and C(carbon)-supported NRs arrays on semi-insulat-ing (100)-oriented Si substrates. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, revealed that the as-grown ZnO NRs and carbon-assisted ZnO NRs were single crystals with a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and grew with a c-axis orientation perpendicular to the Si substrate. These measurements show that the carbon-supported ZnO NRs were better synthesized vertically on a Si substrate compared to the as-grown ZnO NRs. Superconducting Quantum Interference Device showed that defect concentration of the carbon-assisted ZnO NRs was remarkably reduced compared to the as-grown ZnO NRs. The reduced defect concentration of the carbon-supported ZnO demonstrates the possible improvement in the performance of photovoltaic nanodevices based on ZnO like materials.


Introduction
Single-crystalline semiconducting nanostructures such as nanorods (NRs) and nanotubes show interesting physical properties and are promising the next generation of electronic and photonic devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), nanowire laser and photodetectors [1][2][3]. Functional devices such as vertical nanowire field effect transistors, piezoelectric nanogenerators, biosensors and novel photoconductors have been demonstrated using ZnO nanostructures [4][5][6][7]. Meanwhile, oxygen plasma-treated sample of ZnO NRs showed the enhanced piezoelectric potential due to the decreased defects levels in the ZnO and also improve mechanical properties of ZnO NRs compared to the sample not treated with oxygen plasma [8]. In the present work, we investigate the structural and magnetic properties of the carbon-supported ZnO NR array compared to the sample not supported with carbon.

Experimental
As stated in previous works Yoon et al. [9] by the authors of this contribution [9,10]: "we grew ZnO NRs from the semi-insulating (100)-oriented Si substrates by vapor-phase transport (VPT) technique. And then, the carbon layer with the thickness of around 9nm to assist the nucleation of vertically aligned single crystalline ZnO NRs was deposited using low pressure chemical vapor deposition method on Si substrate before the ZnO NRs growth using VPT method. The major purpose of a carbon-supported process is that it avoids undesired contamination from foreign metal atoms used as catalysts and not only to facilitate the nucleation of ZnO nuclei but also to decrease the lattice mismatch between the Si substrate and the ZnO NRs. The carbon-supported process also avoids undesired SiO 2 layer on Si substrate to limit optoelectronic application such as field emission display, et al. The carbonsupported ZnO NRs with high quality could be grown vertically, densely oriented with respect to the surface as hexagonal pillars with a flat facet surface."

Abstract
We have fabricated as-grown ZnO nanorods (NRs) and C(carbon)-supported NRs arrays on semi-insulating (100)-oriented Si substrates. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, revealed that the as-grown ZnO NRs and carbon-assisted ZnO NRs were single crystals with a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and grew with a c-axis orientation perpendicular to the Si substrate. These measurements show that the carbon-supported ZnO NRs were better synthesized vertically on a Si substrate compared to the as-grown ZnO NRs. Superconducting Quantum Interference Device showed that defect concentration of the carbon-assisted ZnO NRs was remarkably reduced compared to the as-grown ZnO NRs. The reduced defect concentration of the carbon-supported ZnO demonstrates the possible improvement in the performance of photovoltaic nanodevices based on ZnO like materials. (100)-oriented Si substrates. The average length of the as-grown ZnO NRs is ~25μm. The NR surface density was 1x10 9 /cm 2 . The carbon-supported ZnO NRs have regular hexagonal shape and flat ends which vertically well aligned along the c-axis as shown in low-magnification SEM image of Figure 1

(b). Figure 2(a) & (b)
show X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of the as-grown ZnO NRs and carbon-supported ZnO NRs on Si substrate. In Figure 2(a), XRD spectrum of the as-grown ZnO NRs shows peaks of (002), (101), (102), (103), (112), (201), and (004) indicating that the ZnO NRs have a wurtzite structure. The XRD pattern indicates that the growth direction of ZnO NRs is [0001]. No characteristic peaks from other crystalline forms were detected in the XRD pattern. Therefore, lowmagnification SEM image and XRD spectra of the as-grown ZnO NRs on Si substrate support that the grown NRs are single-crystalline NRs. Meanwhile, XRD spectrum of the carbon-supported ZnO NRs show relatively dominant (002) and (004) peaks imply that most of the carbon-supported ZnO NRs are aligned toward (002) and (004) directions compared to the as-grown ZnO NRs. Moreover, the intensity of XRD spectrum of the carbon-supported ZnO NRs was increased much more than that of the as-grown ZnO NRs, indicating higher crystal quality of the carbon-supported ZnO NRs.  Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQ1UID) measurement for the as grown ZnO NRs and carbon-supported ZnO NRs was carried out at 5 and 300K, and the results are shown in Figure 3 & 4. The SQUID measurement of the magnetization reveals an open hysteric curve for the as grown ZnO NRs and carbon supported ZnO NRs, indicating that the system is ferromagnetically ordered. The carbon-supported ZnO NRs sample and as-grown sample exhibit ferromagnetic at room temperature as shown in Figure 3. Therefore, it can be seen that the ferromagnetic transition temperature of the carbon-supported ZnO NRs sample and asgrown sample is above room temperature. It is well known that the room temperature ferromagnetism is expected to be due to vacancy mediated exchange interactions between the unpaired electron spins in undoped ZnO NRs array [11]. The carbon-supported ZnO NRs sample shows very weak ferromagnetic contribution compared to the as-grown sample. The saturation magnetization of the carbonsupported ZnO NRs was decreased compared to the as grown ZnO NRs. SQUID measurements showed that defect concentration of the carbon-supported ZnO NRs was remarkably reduced compared to the as-grown ZnO NRs. The reduced defect concentration of the carbon-supported ZnO demonstrates the possible improvement in the performance of photovoltaic nanodevices based on ZnO like materials.

Conclusion
It can be concluded that the carbon-supported ZnO NRs were successfully synthesized on ZnO single crystal NRs with higher crystal quality compared to the as-grown ZnO NRs.