The Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Consciousness Energy Healing Treated Silver Oxide (Ag2O)

Silver oxide possesses antimicrobial properties and also has numerous applications in space research, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. It is not readily soluble in most of the solvents and highly sensitive to light. Thus, this study was executed to evaluate the impact of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical and thermal properties of silver oxide using PSA, PXRD, and DSC analytical techniques. The test sample was divided into two parts: one part was control sample and the other part was treated sample. The control sample did not receive Biofield Energy Treatment; whereas the treated sample received the Biofield Energy Treatment remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Gopal Nayak. The particle size values of the treated silver oxide powder were significantly decreased at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3) by 9.507%, 4.957%, 3.463%, and 4.787% respectively, thus the specific surface area was significantly increased by 7.647% compared with the control sample. The peak intensities and crystallite sizes were significantly altered from -91.53% to 26.92% and -69.76% to 8.83%, respectively; however, the average crystallite size was significantly decreased by 35.62% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The melting point and latent heat of fusion of the treated silver oxide were significantly increased by 2.47% and 538.57%, respectively compared with the control sample. The results suggested that the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment might have introduced a new polymorphic form of silver oxide which would show better solubility, dissolution rate, absorption, bioavailability, and thermal stability. The treated silver oxide would be more efficacious as a medicine in the body and also advantageous for the pharmaceutical, space, chemical, nuclear submarine, optoelectronic industry when using it as a raw material.


Introduction
Silver oxide (Ag 2 O) is used as a laboratory reagent for the synthesis of other silver compounds, i.e., silver chloride, silver nitrate, etc. It is commonly used as a mild oxidizing agent for the oxidation of the organic compounds like aldehydes to carboxylic acids and also in the silver-oxide batteries. It is integrated into the fabrics used in surgery as it inhibits the growth of microbes [1][2][3]. It is also used in the concrete of the swimming pools and spas to protect the water from undesirable microbes. As it enhances the antimicrobial properties, it is also used as silver oxide ointment for difficult venous ulcerations, and even an essential component of the total wound dressing. It is improved microcirculation measurements and wound healing rate [4]. It helps removing carbon dioxide from the humidified air, which is helpful in the space missions (by the international space station, space shuttle, and nuclear submarines). Silver oxide is also used for the optoelectronic application and preparation of the pollution control filter for gas sensors, which absorbs airborne poisons and irritants [5,6].
The physicochemical properties of silver oxide include; light sensitive, decomposes at lower temperatures, soluble in acid and alkali, slightly soluble in water, and insoluble in ethanol [1][2][3]. In the stability and application point of view, the physicochemical properties of any materials have a substantial role. In this point of view, the Trivedi Effect ® -Biofield Energy Healing Treatment has the significant impact on the physicochemical and thermal properties of various pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds [7][8][9]. The Trivedi Effect ® is natural and the only scientifically proven phenomenon in which a person can harness this inherently intelligent energy from the Universe and transmit it anywhere on the planet through the possible mediation of neutrinos [10]. A unique para-dimensional electromagnetic field is generated around the body due to the continuous movement of the electrically charged particles, i.e., ions, cells, etc. inside the body of a living organism known as the "Biofield". The Biofield Energy Therapy has been accepted worldwide and reported with significant positive outcomes against various disease conditions [11]. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) recommend and included homeopathy, hypnotherapy, healing touch, yoga, Qi Gong, Tai Chi, deep breathing, etc. The Complementary and Alternative Medicine has been largely accepted by most of the U.S. people [12,13]. The Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment is also a form of CAM, which shown significant impact in the alteration of the level of cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in endometrium and prostate cancer cell lines [9]; altered the antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern and biotype of microbes [10], altered the physicochemical properties, thermal properties, and isotopic abundance of metals, ceramics, and organic compounds [11][12][13], improved the productivity of crops [14], etc. The above facts motivated to design and to evaluate the impact of the Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the silver oxide powder using particle size analysis (PSA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analytical techniques.

Chemicals and reagents
The silver oxide powder sample was procured from Sigma Aldrich, India, whereas the other chemicals used during the experiments were of analytical grade also purchased in India.

Consciousness energy healing treatment strategies
The test sample of silver oxide powder was divided into two parts. The Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment was received by one part of the test sample remotely under standard laboratory conditions for 3 minutes, known as the treated sample. The Biofield Energy Healing Treatment was provided through the healer's unique energy transmission process by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Gopal Nayak, India, to one part of the test sample. Accordingly, the other part of the test sample did not receive the Biofield Energy Treatment but treated with a "sham" healer and was known as a control sample. Though, the sham healer did not have any knowledge about the Biofield Energy Treatment. After treatment, the Biofield Energy Treated and control silver oxide powder samples were kept in sealed conditions and characterized using PSA, PXRD, and DSC analytical techniques.

Characterization
Particle size analysis (PSA): The particle size analysis of silver oxide powder was performed on Malvern Mastersizer 2000, from the UK, using wet method [15,16]. The sample unit (Hydro MV) was filled with a dispersant medium (sunflower oil) and operated the stirrer at 2500 rpm. The PSA analysis of silver oxide was executed to obtain the average particle size distribution and the specific surface area (m 2 /g). The calculations were done by using software Mastersizer Ver. 5.54. The % change in particle size (d) for silver oxide powder at below 10% level (d 10 Where S Control and S Treated are the surface area of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis: The PXRD analysis of silver oxide powder was performed with the help of Rigaku MiniFlex-II Desktop X-ray diffractometer (Japan) [17,18]. The average size of individual crystallites of silver oxide was calculated from PXRD data using the Scherrer's formula (3): Where k is the equipment constant (0.94), G is the crystallite size in nm, λ is the radiation wavelength (0.154056 nm for Kα1 emission), β is the full-width at half maximum (FWHM), and θ is the Bragg angle [19]. The % change in crystallite size (G) of silver oxide was calculated using the following equation 4: Where G Control and G Treated are the crystallite size of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide samples, respectively.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC):
The DSC analysis of silver oxide was performed with the help of DSC Q200, TA instruments. A sample of ~2mg was loaded to the aluminium sample pan at a heating rate of 10ºC/min from 30°C to 350°C [15,16]. The % change in melting point (T) was calculated using the following equation 5: Where T Control and T Treated are the melting point of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide samples, respectively. The % change in the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was calculated using following equation 6:

ÄH
-ÄH treated control % change in latent heat of fusion= ×100 ÄH control (6) Where ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide samples, respectively.

Results and Discussion
Particle size analysis (PSA) The particle size and surface area of the treated silver oxide were altered compared to the control sample ( Table 1). The particle size values of the control sample at d 10, d 50 , d 90 , and D (4,3) were 22.267µm, 44.822µm, 78.307µm, and 47.715µm, respectively. Similarly, the particle sizes of the treated sample at d 10 , d 50 , d 90 , and D (4,3) were 20.15µm, 42.6µm, 75.595µm, and 45.413µm, respectively. Therefore, the particle size values in the Biofield Energy Treated sample was significantly decreased by 9.507%, 4.957%, 3.463%, and 4.787% at d 10 , d 50 , d 90 , and D (4,3) respectively, compared to the control sample ( Table 1). The specific surface area of the treated silver oxide (0.183m 2 /g) was significantly increased by 7.647% compared to the control sample (0.17m 2 /g). d 10 , d 50 , and d 90 : particle diameter corresponding to 10%, 50%, and 90% of the cumulative distribution, D(4,3): the average massvolume diameter, and SSA: the specific surface area. *denotes the percentage change in the Particle size distribution of the Biofield Energy Treated sample with respect to the control sample.
The experimental results indicated that the Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might have imposed an external force for breaking the larger particle of the silver oxide into the smaller particle sizes, hence increased the surface area. The particle characteristics have the significant impact on the solubility, dissolution rate, absorption, bioavailability, and even the therapeutic efficacy of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds [20,21]. Thus, the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide would show enhanced therapeutic efficacy in pharmaceutical/ nutraceutical formulations and would be more beneficial for the other industries using it as a raw material for the manufacturing.

Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis
The PXRD diffractogram of the control sample showed the peaks at Bragg's angle (2θ) 18.52°, 32.65°, 33.59°, 37.87°, 39.5°, 54.69°, 65.19°, and 68.52° (Figure 1). Similarly, the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed the peaks at Bragg's angle (2θ) 18.64°, 32.77°, 33.72°, 37.04°, 39.8°, 54.79°, 65.31°, and 68.58° in the diffractogram (Figure 1). The sharp peak in the diffractograms of both the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples Figure  1 indicated that both the samples were crystalline. The highest peak intensity showed at 2θ equal to 32.67° in both the control and the Biofield Energy Treated sample Table 2, entry 2. The peak intensities of the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide powder were significantly altered ranging from -91.53% to 26.92% compared to the control sample (Table 2). Similarly, the crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated sample were significantly altered ranging from -69.76% to 8.83% compared to the control sample (Table 2). Overall, the average crystallite size of the treated silver oxide powder (360.13nm) was significantly decreased by 35.62% compared with the control sample (559.38nm) ( Table 2). The results clearly indicated significant alterations in the peak intensities and crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide powder sample over the control sample. The peak intensity of any diffraction face on the crystalline compound changes according to the crystal morphology [22], and alterations in the XRD pattern provide proof of polymorphic transitions [23,24]. The Biofield Energy Healing Treatment might have introduced a new polymorphic form of silver oxide via the mediation of neutrino oscillations [10]. Different polymorphic forms of a compound have the significant effects on their physicochemical properties, i.e., melting point, stability, and solubility [25,26]. Therefore, the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide would be a better candidate when used to design novel pharmaceutical formulations and also useful for the other manufacturing industries as a raw material.   Figure 2). The experimental data well matched with the reported literature [1]. The melting point of the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide sample was increased by 2.47% compared with the control sample (Table 3). The latent heat of fusion (∆H fusion ) of the treated silver oxide sample (57.28J/g) was significantly increased by 538.57% compared with the control sample (8.97J/g) (Table 3). Any intermolecular change in the compound structure has the significant effect on the latent heat of fusion [27]. Therefore, the Gopal Nayak's Biofield Energy Treatment might have altered the molecular chain strength and crystal structure of silver oxide. This could be the possible reason behind the significant improvement of the melting point, and latent heat of fusion of the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide sample compared to the control sample.

Conclusion
The Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment has a significant impact on the particle size, surface area, peak intensities, crystallite size, and thermal properties of silver oxide. The particle size values of the treated silver oxide powder were significantly decreased at d 10 , d 50 , d 90 , and D (4,3) by 9.507%, 4.957%, 3.463%, and 4.787%, respectively, thus the specific surface area was significantly increased by 7.647% compared with the control sample. The peak intensities and crystallite sizes were significantly altered from -91.53% to 26.92% and -69.76% to 8.83%, respectively; however, the average crystallite size was significantly decreased by 35.62% in the Biofield Energy Treated sample compared with the control sample. The melting point and latent heat of fusion of the Biofield Energy Treated silver oxide was significantly increased by 2.47% and 538.57%, respectively compared with the control sample. It can be concluded that The Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might create a new polymorphic form of silver oxide which would show better solubility, dissolution rate, absorption, bioavailability, and thermal stability of silver oxide in the pharmaceutical preparations (i.e., ointments, wound dressing, etc.) and also advantageous for the pharmaceutical, space, chemical, nuclear submarine, optoelectronic industry when using it as a raw material.